Merge pull request #203 from Snektron/vkbool32-enum

replace vk.Bool32 with enum
2025-08-26 23:07:48 +02:00 · 2025-08-26 23:06:23 +02:00 · 2025-08-24 21:05:12 +02:00 · 2025-08-24 14:04:13 +05:30 · 2025-08-15 10:37:02 +02:00 · 2025-08-15 06:48:14 +01:00
21 changed files with 2374 additions and 2089 deletions
--- a/.github/workflows/build.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build.yml
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ jobs:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
    - name: Setup Zig
-      uses: mlugg/setup-zig@v1
+      uses: mlugg/setup-zig@v2
      with:
        version: master
@@ -31,20 +31,30 @@ jobs:
        sudo apt install shaderc libglfw3 libglfw3-dev
    - name: Fetch latest vk.xml
-      run: wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/KhronosGroup/Vulkan-Docs/main/xml/vk.xml
+      run: |
        wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/KhronosGroup/Vulkan-Docs/main/xml/vk.xml
        wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/KhronosGroup/Vulkan-Docs/main/xml/video.xml
    - name: Test and install with latest zig & latest vk.xml
      run: zig build test install -Dregistry=$(pwd)/vk.xml
    - name: Test and install with latest zig & latest vk.xml & latest video.xml
      run: zig build test install -p zig-out-video -Dregistry=$(pwd)/vk.xml -Dvideo=$(pwd)/video.xml
    - name: Build example with latest zig & vk.xml from dependency
      run: zig build --build-file $(pwd)/examples/build.zig
    - name: Build example with latest zig & latest vk.xml
      run: zig build --build-file $(pwd)/examples/build.zig -Doverride-registry=$(pwd)/vk.xml
    - name: Build example with latest zig & vk.xml from dependency & use zig shaders
      run: zig build --build-file $(pwd)/examples/build.zig -Dzig-shader
    - name: Archive vk.zig
      uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
      with:
        name: vk.zig
-        path: zig-out/src/vk.zig
+        path: |
          zig-out/src/vk.zig
          zig-out-video/src/vk.zig
        if-no-files-found: error
--- a/2
+++ b/2
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright © 2020-2022 Robin Voetter
+Copyright © Robin Voetter
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -50,14 +50,35 @@ There is also support for adding this project as a dependency through zig packag
 ```
 And then in your build.zig file, you'll need to add a line like this to your build function:
 ```zig
-const vkzig_dep = b.dependency("vulkan_zig", .{
+const vulkan = b.dependency("vulkan_zig", .{
-    .registry = @as([]const u8, b.pathFromRoot("path/to/vk.xml")),
+    .registry = b.path("path/to/vk.xml"),
-});
+}).module("vulkan-zig");
-const vkzig_bindings = vkzig_dep.module("vulkan-zig");
+exe.root_module.addImport("vulkan", vulkan);
 exe.root_module.addImport("vulkan", vkzig_bindings);
 ```
 That will allow you to `@import("vulkan")` in your executable's source.
 #### Generating bindings directly from Vulkan-Headers
 Bindings can be generated directly from the Vulkan-Headers repository by adding Vulkan-Headers as a dependency, and then passing the path to `vk.xml` from that dependency:
 ```zig
 .{
    // -- snip --
    .dependencies = .{
        // -- snip --
        .vulkan_headers = .{
            .url = "https://github.com/KhronosGroup/Vulkan-Headers/archive/v1.3.283.tar.gz",
            .hash = "<dependency hash>",
        },
    },
 }
 ```
 ```zig
 const vulkan = b.dependency("vulkan_zig", .{
    .registry = b.dependency("vulkan_headers", .{}).path("registry/vk.xml"),
 }).module("vulkan-zig");
 exe.root_module.addImport("vulkan", vulkan);
 ```
 ### Manual generation with the package manager from build.zig
 Bindings can also be generated by invoking the generator directly. This may be useful is some special cases, for example, it integrates particularly well with fetching the registry via the package manager. This can be done by adding the Vulkan-Headers repository to your dependencies, and then passing the `vk.xml` inside it to vulkan-zig-generator:
@@ -83,7 +104,7 @@ const vk_gen = b.dependency("vulkan_zig", .{}).artifact("vulkan-zig-generator");
 // Set up a run step to generate the bindings
 const vk_generate_cmd = b.addRunArtifact(vk_gen);
 // Pass the registry to the generator
-generate_cmd.addArg(registry);
+vk_generate_cmd.addFileArg(registry);
 // Create a module from the generator's output...
 const vulkan_zig = b.addModule("vulkan-zig", .{
    .root_source_file = vk_generate_cmd.addOutputFileArg("vk.zig"),
@@ -106,9 +127,9 @@ Functions and fields are renamed to be more or less in line with [Zig's standard
 * Container fields and function parameter names are generated in (lower) snake case in a similar manner: `ppEnabledLayerNames` becomes `pp_enabled_layer_names`.
 * Any name which is either an illegal Zig name or a reserved identifier is rendered using `@"name"` syntax. For example, `VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D` is translated to `@"2d"`.
-### Function pointers & Wrappers
+### Dispatch Tables
-vulkan-zig provides no integration for statically linking libvulkan, and these symbols are not generated at all. Instead, vulkan functions are to be loaded dynamically. For each Vulkan function, a function pointer type is generated using the exact parameters and return types as defined by the Vulkan specification:
+Vulkan-zig provides no integration for statically linking libvulkan, and these symbols are not generated at all. Instead, vulkan functions are to be loaded dynamically. For each Vulkan function, a function pointer type is generated using the exact parameters and return types as defined by the Vulkan specification:
 ```zig
 pub const PfnCreateInstance = fn (
    p_create_info: *const InstanceCreateInfo,
@@ -117,77 +138,58 @@ pub const PfnCreateInstance = fn (
 ) callconv(vulkan_call_conv) Result;
 ```
-For each function, a wrapper is generated into one of three structs:
+A set of _dispatch table_ structures is generated. A dispatch table simply contains a set of (optional) function pointers to Vulkan API functions, and not much else. Function pointers grouped by the nature of the function as follows:
-* BaseWrapper. This contains wrappers for functions which are loaded by `vkGetInstanceProcAddr` without an instance, such as `vkCreateInstance`, `vkEnumerateInstanceVersion`, etc.
+* Vulkan functions which are loaded by `vkGetInstanceProcAddr` without the need for passing an instance are placed in `BaseDispatch`.
-* InstanceWrapper. This contains wrappers for functions which are otherwise loaded by `vkGetInstanceProcAddr`.
+* Vulkan functions which are loaded by `vkGetInstanceProcAddr` but do need an instance are placed in `InstanceDispatch`.
-* DeviceWrapper. This contains wrappers for functions which are loaded by `vkGetDeviceProcAddr`.
+* Vulkan functions which are loaded by `vkGetDeviceProcAddr` are placed in `DeviceDispatch`.
-To create a wrapper type, an "api specification" should be passed to it. This is a list of `ApiInfo` structs, which allows one to specify the functions that should be made available. An `ApiInfo` structure is initialized 3 optional fields, `base_commands`, `instance_commands`, and `device_commands`. Each of these takes a set of the vulkan functions that should be made available for that category, for example, setting `.createInstance = true` in `base_commands` makes the `createInstance` function available (loaded from `vkCreateInstance`). An entire feature level or extension can be pulled in at once too, for example, `vk.features.version_1_0` contains all functions for Vulkan 1.0. `vk.extensions.khr_surface` contains all functions for the `VK_KHR_surface` extension.
+### Wrappers
 To provide more interesting functionality, a set of _wrapper_ types is also generated, one for each dispatch table type. These contain the Zig-versions of each Vulkan API function, along with corresponding error set definitions, return type definitions, etc, where appropriate.
 ```zig
 const vk = @import("vulkan");
 /// To construct base, instance and device wrappers for vulkan-zig, you need to pass a list of 'apis' to it.
 const apis: []const vk.ApiInfo = &.{
    // You can either add invidiual functions by manually creating an 'api'
    .{
        .base_commands = .{
            .createInstance = true,
        },
        .instance_commands = .{
            .createDevice = true,
        },
    },
    // Or you can add entire feature sets or extensions
    vk.features.version_1_0,
    vk.extensions.khr_surface,
    vk.extensions.khr_swapchain,
 };
 const BaseDispatch = vk.BaseWrapper(apis);
 ```
 The wrapper struct then provides wrapper functions for each function pointer in the dispatch struct:
 ```zig
-pub const BaseWrapper(comptime cmds: anytype) type {
+pub const BaseWrapper = struct {
-    ...
+    const Self = @This();
    const Dispatch = CreateDispatchStruct(cmds);
    return struct {
        dispatch: Dispatch,
-        pub const CreateInstanceError = error{
+    dispatch: Dispatch,
-            OutOfHostMemory,
+
-            OutOfDeviceMemory,
+    pub const CreateInstanceError = error{
-            InitializationFailed,
+        OutOfHostMemory,
-            LayerNotPresent,
+        OutOfDeviceMemory,
-            ExtensionNotPresent,
+        InitializationFailed,
-            IncompatibleDriver,
+        LayerNotPresent,
-            Unknown,
+        ExtensionNotPresent,
-        };
+        IncompatibleDriver,
-        pub fn createInstance(
+        Unknown,
-            self: Self,
+    };
-            create_info: InstanceCreateInfo,
+    pub fn createInstance(
-            p_allocator: ?*const AllocationCallbacks,
+        self: Self,
-        ) CreateInstanceError!Instance {
+        create_info: InstanceCreateInfo,
-            var instance: Instance = undefined;
+        p_allocator: ?*const AllocationCallbacks,
-            const result = self.dispatch.vkCreateInstance(
+    ) CreateInstanceError!Instance {
-                &create_info,
+        var instance: Instance = undefined;
-                p_allocator,
+        const result = self.dispatch.vkCreateInstance.?(
-                &instance,
+            &create_info,
-            );
+            p_allocator,
-            switch (result) {
+            &instance,
-                .success => {},
+        );
-                .error_out_of_host_memory => return error.OutOfHostMemory,
+        switch (result) {
-                .error_out_of_device_memory => return error.OutOfDeviceMemory,
+            .success => {},
-                .error_initialization_failed => return error.InitializationFailed,
+            .error_out_of_host_memory => return error.OutOfHostMemory,
-                .error_layer_not_present => return error.LayerNotPresent,
+            .error_out_of_device_memory => return error.OutOfDeviceMemory,
-                .error_extension_not_present => return error.ExtensionNotPresent,
+            .error_initialization_failed => return error.InitializationFailed,
-                .error_incompatible_driver => return error.IncompatibleDriver,
+            .error_layer_not_present => return error.LayerNotPresent,
-                else => return error.Unknown,
+            .error_extension_not_present => return error.ExtensionNotPresent,
-            }
+            .error_incompatible_driver => return error.IncompatibleDriver,
-            return instance;
+            else => return error.Unknown,
        }
-
+        return instance;
        ...
    }
-}
+
    ...
 };
 ```
 Wrappers are generated according to the following rules:
 * The return type is determined from the original return type and the parameters.
@@ -198,10 +200,12 @@ Wrappers are generated according to the following rules:
 * Error codes are translated into Zig errors.
 * As of yet, there is no specific handling of enumeration style commands or other commands which accept slices.
-Furthermore, each wrapper contains a function to load each function pointer member when passed either `PfnGetInstanceProcAddr` or `PfnGetDeviceProcAddr`, which attempts to load each member as function pointer and casts it to the appropriate type. These functions are loaded literally, and any wrongly named member or member with a wrong function pointer type will result in problems.
+#### Initializing Wrappers
-* For `BaseWrapper`, this function has signature `fn load(loader: anytype) error{CommandFailure}!Self`, where the type of `loader` must resemble `PfnGetInstanceProcAddr` (with optionally having a different calling convention).
+
-* For `InstanceWrapper`, this function has signature `fn load(instance: Instance, loader: anytype) error{CommandFailure}!Self`, where the type of `loader` must resemble `PfnGetInstanceProcAddr`.
+Wrapper types are initialized by the `load` function, which must be passed a _loader_: A function which loads a function pointer by name.
-* For `DeviceWrapper`, this function has signature `fn load(device: Device, loader: anytype) error{CommandFailure}!Self`, where the type of `loader` must resemble `PfnGetDeviceProcAddr`.
+* For `BaseWrapper`, this function has signature `fn load(loader: anytype) Self`, where the type of `loader` must resemble `PfnGetInstanceProcAddr` (with optionally having a different calling convention).
 * For `InstanceWrapper`, this function has signature `fn load(instance: Instance, loader: anytype) Self`, where the type of `loader` must resemble `PfnGetInstanceProcAddr`.
 * For `DeviceWrapper`, this function has signature `fn load(device: Device, loader: anytype) Self`, where the type of `loader` must resemble `PfnGetDeviceProcAddr`.
 Note that these functions accepts a loader with the signature of `anytype` instead of `PfnGetInstanceProcAddr`. This is because it is valid for `vkGetInstanceProcAddr` to load itself, in which case the returned function is to be called with the vulkan calling convention. This calling convention is not required for loading vulkan-zig itself, though, and a loader to be called with any calling convention with the target architecture may be passed in. This is particularly useful when interacting with C libraries that provide `vkGetInstanceProcAddr`.
@@ -217,32 +221,33 @@ fn customGetInstanceProcAddress(instance: vk.Instance, procname: [*:0]const u8)
    ...
 }
-// Both calls are valid, even
+// Both calls are valid.
-const vkb = try BaseDispatch.load(glfwGetInstanceProcAddress);
+const vkb = BaseWrapper.load(glfwGetInstanceProcAddress);
-const vkb = try BaseDispatch.load(customGetInstanceProcAddress);
+const vkb = BaseWrapper.load(customGetInstanceProcAddress);
 ```
-By default, wrapper `load` functions return `error.CommandLoadFailure` if a call to the loader resulted in `null`. If this behaviour is not desired, one can use `loadNoFail`. This function accepts the same parameters as `load`, but does not return an error any function pointer fails to load and sets its value to `undefined` instead. It is at the programmer's discretion not to invoke invalid functions, which can be tested for by checking whether the required core and extension versions the function requires are supported.
+The `load` function tries to load all function pointers unconditionally, regardless of enabled extensions or platform. If a function pointer could not be loaded, its entry in the dispatch table is set to `null`. When invoking a function on a wrapper table, the function pointer is checked for null, and there will be a crash or undefined behavior if it was not loaded properly. That means that **it is up to the programmer to ensure that a function pointer is valid for the platform before calling it**, either by checking whether the associated extension or Vulkan version is supported or simply by checking whether the function pointer is non-null.
-One can access the underlying unwrapped C functions by doing `wrapper.dispatch.vkFuncYouWant(..)`.
+One can access the underlying unwrapped C functions by doing `wrapper.dispatch.vkFuncYouWant.?(..)`.
 #### Proxying Wrappers
 Proxying wrappers wrap a wrapper and a pointer to the associated handle in a single struct, and automatically passes this handle to commands as appropriate. Besides the proxying wrappers for instances and devices, there are also proxying wrappers for queues and command buffers. Proxying wrapper type are constructed in the same way as a regular wrapper, by passing an api specification to them. To initialize a proxying wrapper, it must be passed a handle and a pointer to an appropriate wrapper. For queue and command buffer proxying wrappers, a pointer to a device wrapper must be passed.
 ```zig
-// Create the dispatch tables
+const InstanceWrapper = vk.InstanceWrapper;
-const InstanceDispatch = vk.InstanceWrapper(apis);
+const Instance = vk.InstanceProxy;
 const Instance = vk.InstanceProxy(apis);
 const instance_handle = try vkb.createInstance(...);
-const vki = try InstanceDispatch.load(instance_handle, vkb.vkGetInstanceProcAddr);
+const vki = try InstanceWrapper.load(instance_handle, vkb.dispatch.vkGetInstanceProcAddr.?);
 const instance = Instance.load(instance_handle, &vki);
 defer instance.destroyInstance(null);
 ```
 For queue and command buffer proxying wrappers, the `queue` and `cmd` prefix is removed for functions where appropriate. Note that the device proxying wrappers also have the queue and command buffer functions made available for convenience, but there the prefix is not stripped.
 Note that the proxy must be passed a _pointer_ to a wrapper. This is because there was a limitation with LLVM in the past, where a struct with an object pointer and its associated function pointers wouldn't be optimized properly. By using a separate function pointer, LLVM knows that the "vtable" dispatch struct can never be modified and so it can subject each call to vtable optimizations.
 ### Bitflags
 Packed structs of bools are used for bit flags in vulkan-zig, instead of both a `FlagBits` and `Flags` variant. Places where either of these variants are used are both replaced by this packed struct instead. This means that even in places where just one flag would normally be accepted, the packed struct is accepted. The programmer is responsible for only enabling a single bit.
@@ -361,6 +366,19 @@ See [examples/build.zig](examples/build.zig) for a working example.
 For more advanced shader compiler usage, one may consider a library such as [shader_compiler](https://github.com/Games-by-Mason/shader_compiler).
 ### Vulkan Video
 Vulkan-zig also supports generating Vulkan Video bindings. To do this, one additionally pass `--video <video.xml>` to the generator, or pass `-Dvideo=<video.xml>` to build.zig. If using vulkan-zig via the Zig package manager, the following also works:
 ```zig
 const vulkan_headers = b.dependency("vulkan_headers");
 const vulkan = b.dependency("vulkan_zig", .{
    .registry = vulkan_headers.path("registry/vk.xml"),
    .video = vulkan_headers.path("registery/video.xml"),
 }).module("vulkan-zig");
 ```
 The Vulkan Video bindings are not generated by default. In this case, the relevant definitions must be supplied by the user. See [platform types](#platform-types) for how this is done.
 ## Limitations
 * vulkan-zig has as of yet no functionality for selecting feature levels and extensions when generating bindings. This is because when an extension is promoted to Vulkan core, its fields and commands are renamed to lose the extensions author tag (for example, VkSemaphoreWaitFlagsKHR was renamed to VkSemaphoreWaitFlags when it was promoted from an extension to Vulkan 1.2 core). This leads to inconsistencies when only items from up to a certain feature level is included, as these promoted items then need to re-gain a tag.
--- a/build.zig
+++ b/build.zig
@@ -3,18 +3,23 @@ const std = @import("std");
 pub fn build(b: *std.Build) void {
    const target = b.standardTargetOptions(.{});
    const optimize = b.standardOptimizeOption(.{});
-    const maybe_registry: ?[]const u8 = b.option([]const u8, "registry", "Set the path to the Vulkan registry (vk.xml)");
+    const maybe_registry = b.option(std.Build.LazyPath, "registry", "Set the path to the Vulkan registry (vk.xml)");
    const maybe_video = b.option(std.Build.LazyPath, "video", "Set the path to the Vulkan Video registry (video.xml)");
    const test_step = b.step("test", "Run all the tests");
    const root_module = b.createModule(.{
        .root_source_file = b.path("src/main.zig"),
        .target = target,
        .optimize = optimize,
    });
    // Using the package manager, this artifact can be obtained by the user
    // through `b.dependency(<name in build.zig.zon>, .{}).artifact("vulkan-zig-generator")`.
    // with that, the user need only `.addArg("path/to/vk.xml")`, and then obtain
    // a file source to the generated code with `.addOutputArg("vk.zig")`
    const generator_exe = b.addExecutable(.{
        .name = "vulkan-zig-generator",
-        .root_source_file = b.path("src/main.zig"),
+        .root_module = root_module,
        .target = target,
        .optimize = optimize,
    });
    b.installArtifact(generator_exe);
@@ -23,7 +28,12 @@ pub fn build(b: *std.Build) void {
    if (maybe_registry) |registry| {
        const vk_generate_cmd = b.addRunArtifact(generator_exe);
-        vk_generate_cmd.addArg(registry);
+        if (maybe_video) |video| {
            vk_generate_cmd.addArg("--video");
            vk_generate_cmd.addFileArg(video);
        }
        vk_generate_cmd.addFileArg(registry);
        const vk_zig = vk_generate_cmd.addOutputFileArg("vk.zig");
        const vk_zig_module = b.addModule("vulkan-zig", .{
@@ -41,16 +51,16 @@ pub fn build(b: *std.Build) void {
        // It does not need to run anyway.
        const ref_all_decls_test = b.addObject(.{
            .name = "ref-all-decls-test",
-            .root_source_file = b.path("test/ref_all_decls.zig"),
+            .root_module = b.createModule(.{
-            .target = target,
+                .root_source_file = b.path("test/ref_all_decls.zig"),
-            .optimize = optimize,
+                .target = target,
                .optimize = optimize,
            }),
        });
        ref_all_decls_test.root_module.addImport("vulkan", vk_zig_module);
        test_step.dependOn(&ref_all_decls_test.step);
    }
-    const test_target = b.addTest(.{
+    const test_target = b.addTest(.{ .root_module = root_module });
        .root_source_file = b.path("src/main.zig"),
    });
    test_step.dependOn(&b.addRunArtifact(test_target).step);
 }
--- a/build.zig.zon
+++ b/build.zig.zon
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 .{
-    .name = "vulkan",
+    .name = .vulkan,
    .fingerprint = 0xbe155a03c72db6af,
    .version = "0.0.0",
-    .minimum_zig_version = "0.14.0-dev.1359+e9a00ba7f",
+    .minimum_zig_version = "0.15.0-dev.1518+749f10af4",
    .paths = .{
        "build.zig",
        "LICENSE",
--- a/examples/build.zig
+++ b/examples/build.zig
@@ -6,54 +6,92 @@ pub fn build(b: *std.Build) void {
    const target = b.standardTargetOptions(.{});
    const optimize = b.standardOptimizeOption(.{});
    const maybe_override_registry = b.option([]const u8, "override-registry", "Override the path to the Vulkan registry used for the examples");
    const use_zig_shaders = b.option(bool, "zig-shader", "Use Zig shaders instead of GLSL") orelse false;
    const registry = b.dependency("vulkan_headers", .{}).path("registry/vk.xml");
    const triangle_exe = b.addExecutable(.{
        .name = "triangle",
-        .root_source_file = b.path("triangle.zig"),
+        .root_module = b.createModule(.{
-        .target = target,
+            .root_source_file = b.path("triangle.zig"),
-        .link_libc = true,
+            .target = target,
-        .optimize = optimize,
+            .link_libc = true,
            .optimize = optimize,
        }),
        // TODO: Remove this once x86_64 is stable
        .use_llvm = true,
    });
    b.installArtifact(triangle_exe);
    triangle_exe.linkSystemLibrary("glfw");
-    const vk_gen = b.dependency("vulkan_zig", .{}).artifact("vulkan-zig-generator");
+    const registry_path: std.Build.LazyPath = if (maybe_override_registry) |override_registry|
-    const vk_generate_cmd = b.addRunArtifact(vk_gen);
+        .{ .cwd_relative = override_registry }
    else
        registry;
-    if (maybe_override_registry) |override_registry| {
+    const vulkan = b.dependency("vulkan_zig", .{
-        vk_generate_cmd.addFileArg(.{ .cwd_relative = override_registry });
+        .registry = registry_path,
    }).module("vulkan-zig");
    triangle_exe.root_module.addImport("vulkan", vulkan);
    if (use_zig_shaders) {
        const spirv_target = b.resolveTargetQuery(.{
            .cpu_arch = .spirv32,
            .os_tag = .vulkan,
            .cpu_model = .{ .explicit = &std.Target.spirv.cpu.vulkan_v1_2 },
            .ofmt = .spirv,
        });
        const vert_spv = b.addObject(.{
            .name = "vertex_shader",
            .root_module = b.createModule(.{
                .root_source_file = b.path("shaders/vertex.zig"),
                .target = spirv_target,
            }),
            .use_llvm = false,
        });
        triangle_exe.root_module.addAnonymousImport(
            "vertex_shader",
            .{ .root_source_file = vert_spv.getEmittedBin() },
        );
        const frag_spv = b.addObject(.{
            .name = "fragment_shader",
            .root_module = b.createModule(.{
                .root_source_file = b.path("shaders/fragment.zig"),
                .target = spirv_target,
            }),
            .use_llvm = false,
        });
        triangle_exe.root_module.addAnonymousImport(
            "fragment_shader",
            .{ .root_source_file = frag_spv.getEmittedBin() },
        );
    } else {
-        vk_generate_cmd.addFileArg(registry);
+        const vert_cmd = b.addSystemCommand(&.{
            "glslc",
            "--target-env=vulkan1.2",
            "-o",
        });
        const vert_spv = vert_cmd.addOutputFileArg("vert.spv");
        vert_cmd.addFileArg(b.path("shaders/triangle.vert"));
        triangle_exe.root_module.addAnonymousImport("vertex_shader", .{
            .root_source_file = vert_spv,
        });
        const frag_cmd = b.addSystemCommand(&.{
            "glslc",
            "--target-env=vulkan1.2",
            "-o",
        });
        const frag_spv = frag_cmd.addOutputFileArg("frag.spv");
        frag_cmd.addFileArg(b.path("shaders/triangle.frag"));
        triangle_exe.root_module.addAnonymousImport("fragment_shader", .{
            .root_source_file = frag_spv,
        });
    }
    triangle_exe.root_module.addAnonymousImport("vulkan", .{
        .root_source_file = vk_generate_cmd.addOutputFileArg("vk.zig"),
    });
    const vert_cmd = b.addSystemCommand(&.{
        "glslc",
        "--target-env=vulkan1.2",
        "-o",
    });
    const vert_spv = vert_cmd.addOutputFileArg("vert.spv");
    vert_cmd.addFileArg(b.path("shaders/triangle.vert"));
    triangle_exe.root_module.addAnonymousImport("vertex_shader", .{
        .root_source_file = vert_spv,
    });
    const frag_cmd = b.addSystemCommand(&.{
        "glslc",
        "--target-env=vulkan1.2",
        "-o",
    });
    const frag_spv = frag_cmd.addOutputFileArg("frag.spv");
    frag_cmd.addFileArg(b.path("shaders/triangle.frag"));
    triangle_exe.root_module.addAnonymousImport("fragment_shader", .{
        .root_source_file = frag_spv,
    });
    const triangle_run_cmd = b.addRunArtifact(triangle_exe);
    triangle_run_cmd.step.dependOn(b.getInstallStep());
--- a/examples/build.zig.zon
+++ b/examples/build.zig.zon
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 .{
-    .name = "vulkan-zig-examples",
+    .name = .vulkan_zig_examples,
    .fingerprint = 0x60508bcca14cfc6d,
    .version = "0.1.0",
    .dependencies = .{
        .vulkan_zig = .{
@@ -7,7 +8,7 @@
        },
        .vulkan_headers = .{
            .url = "https://github.com/KhronosGroup/Vulkan-Headers/archive/v1.3.283.tar.gz",
-            .hash = "1220a7e73d72a0d56bc2a65f9d8999a7c019e42260a0744c408d1cded111bc205e10",
+            .hash = "N-V-__8AAAkkoQGn5z1yoNVrwqZfnYmZp8AZ5CJgoHRMQI0c",
        },
    },
    .paths = .{""},
--- a/examples/graphics_context.zig
+++ b/examples/graphics_context.zig
@@ -5,38 +5,34 @@ const Allocator = std.mem.Allocator;
 const required_device_extensions = [_][*:0]const u8{vk.extensions.khr_swapchain.name};
-/// To construct base, instance and device wrappers for vulkan-zig, you need to pass a list of 'apis' to it.
+/// There are 3 levels of bindings in vulkan-zig:
-const apis: []const vk.ApiInfo = &.{
+/// - The Dispatch types (vk.BaseDispatch, vk.InstanceDispatch, vk.DeviceDispatch)
-    // You can either add invidiual functions by manually creating an 'api'
+///   are "plain" structs which just contain the function pointers for a particular
-    .{
+///   object.
-        .base_commands = .{
+/// - The Wrapper types (vk.Basewrapper, vk.InstanceWrapper, vk.DeviceWrapper) contains
-            .createInstance = true,
+///   the Dispatch type, as well as Ziggified Vulkan functions - these return Zig errors,
-        },
+///   etc.
-        .instance_commands = .{
+/// - The Proxy types (vk.InstanceProxy, vk.DeviceProxy, vk.CommandBufferProxy,
-            .createDevice = true,
+///   vk.QueueProxy) contain a pointer to a Wrapper and also contain the object's handle.
-        },
+///   Calling Ziggified functions on these types automatically passes the handle as
-    },
+///   the first parameter of each function. Note that this type accepts a pointer to
-    // Or you can add entire feature sets or extensions
+///   a wrapper struct as there is a problem with LLVM where embedding function pointers
-    vk.features.version_1_0,
+///   and object pointer in the same struct leads to missed optimizations. If the wrapper
-    vk.extensions.khr_surface,
+///   member is a pointer, LLVM will try to optimize it as any other vtable.
-    vk.extensions.khr_swapchain,
+/// The wrappers contain
-};
+const BaseWrapper = vk.BaseWrapper;
 const InstanceWrapper = vk.InstanceWrapper;
 const DeviceWrapper = vk.DeviceWrapper;
-/// Next, pass the `apis` to the wrappers to create dispatch tables.
+const Instance = vk.InstanceProxy;
-const BaseDispatch = vk.BaseWrapper(apis);
+const Device = vk.DeviceProxy;
 const InstanceDispatch = vk.InstanceWrapper(apis);
 const DeviceDispatch = vk.DeviceWrapper(apis);
 // Also create some proxying wrappers, which also have the respective handles
 const Instance = vk.InstanceProxy(apis);
 const Device = vk.DeviceProxy(apis);
 pub const GraphicsContext = struct {
-    pub const CommandBuffer = vk.CommandBufferProxy(apis);
+    pub const CommandBuffer = vk.CommandBufferProxy;
    allocator: Allocator,
-    vkb: BaseDispatch,
+    vkb: BaseWrapper,
    instance: Instance,
    surface: vk.SurfaceKHR,
@@ -51,28 +47,37 @@ pub const GraphicsContext = struct {
    pub fn init(allocator: Allocator, app_name: [*:0]const u8, window: *c.GLFWwindow) !GraphicsContext {
        var self: GraphicsContext = undefined;
        self.allocator = allocator;
-        self.vkb = try BaseDispatch.load(c.glfwGetInstanceProcAddress);
+        self.vkb = BaseWrapper.load(c.glfwGetInstanceProcAddress);
        var extension_names: std.ArrayList([*:0]const u8) = .empty;
        defer extension_names.deinit(allocator);
        // these extensions are to support vulkan in mac os
        // see https://github.com/glfw/glfw/issues/2335
        try extension_names.append(allocator, "VK_KHR_portability_enumeration");
        try extension_names.append(allocator, "VK_KHR_get_physical_device_properties2");
        var glfw_exts_count: u32 = 0;
        const glfw_exts = c.glfwGetRequiredInstanceExtensions(&glfw_exts_count);
-
+        try extension_names.appendSlice(allocator, @ptrCast(glfw_exts[0..glfw_exts_count]));
        const app_info = vk.ApplicationInfo{
            .p_application_name = app_name,
            .application_version = vk.makeApiVersion(0, 0, 0, 0),
            .p_engine_name = app_name,
            .engine_version = vk.makeApiVersion(0, 0, 0, 0),
            .api_version = vk.API_VERSION_1_2,
        };
        const instance = try self.vkb.createInstance(&.{
-            .p_application_info = &app_info,
+            .p_application_info = &.{
-            .enabled_extension_count = glfw_exts_count,
+                .p_application_name = app_name,
-            .pp_enabled_extension_names = @ptrCast(glfw_exts),
+                .application_version = @bitCast(vk.makeApiVersion(0, 0, 0, 0)),
                .p_engine_name = app_name,
                .engine_version = @bitCast(vk.makeApiVersion(0, 0, 0, 0)),
                .api_version = @bitCast(vk.API_VERSION_1_2),
            },
            .enabled_extension_count = @intCast(extension_names.items.len),
            .pp_enabled_extension_names = extension_names.items.ptr,
            // enumerate_portability_bit_khr to support vulkan in mac os
            // see https://github.com/glfw/glfw/issues/2335
            .flags = .{ .enumerate_portability_bit_khr = true },
        }, null);
-        const vki = try allocator.create(InstanceDispatch);
+        const vki = try allocator.create(InstanceWrapper);
        errdefer allocator.destroy(vki);
-        vki.* = try InstanceDispatch.load(instance, self.vkb.dispatch.vkGetInstanceProcAddr);
+        vki.* = InstanceWrapper.load(instance, self.vkb.dispatch.vkGetInstanceProcAddr.?);
        self.instance = Instance.init(instance, vki);
        errdefer self.instance.destroyInstance(null);
@@ -85,9 +90,9 @@ pub const GraphicsContext = struct {
        const dev = try initializeCandidate(self.instance, candidate);
-        const vkd = try allocator.create(DeviceDispatch);
+        const vkd = try allocator.create(DeviceWrapper);
        errdefer allocator.destroy(vkd);
-        vkd.* = try DeviceDispatch.load(dev, self.instance.wrapper.dispatch.vkGetDeviceProcAddr);
+        vkd.* = DeviceWrapper.load(dev, self.instance.wrapper.dispatch.vkGetDeviceProcAddr.?);
        self.dev = Device.init(dev, vkd);
        errdefer self.dev.destroyDevice(null);
@@ -248,7 +253,7 @@ fn allocateQueues(instance: Instance, pdev: vk.PhysicalDevice, allocator: Alloca
            graphics_family = family;
        }
-        if (present_family == null and (try instance.getPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR(pdev, family, surface)) == vk.TRUE) {
+        if (present_family == null and (try instance.getPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR(pdev, family, surface)) == .true) {
            present_family = family;
        }
    }
--- a/examples/shaders/fragment.zig
+++ b/examples/shaders/fragment.zig
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
 const std = @import("std");
 const gpu = std.gpu;
 extern const v_color: @Vector(3, f32) addrspace(.input);
 extern var f_color: @Vector(4, f32) addrspace(.output);
 export fn main() callconv(.spirv_fragment) void {
    gpu.location(&v_color, 0);
    gpu.location(&f_color, 0);
    f_color = .{ v_color[0], v_color[1], v_color[2], 1.0 };
 }
--- a/examples/shaders/vertex.zig
+++ b/examples/shaders/vertex.zig
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
 const std = @import("std");
 const gpu = std.gpu;
 extern const a_pos: @Vector(2, f32) addrspace(.input);
 extern const a_color: @Vector(3, f32) addrspace(.input);
 extern var v_color: @Vector(3, f32) addrspace(.output);
 export fn main() callconv(.spirv_vertex) void {
    gpu.location(&a_pos, 0);
    gpu.location(&a_color, 1);
    gpu.location(&v_color, 0);
    gpu.position_out.* = .{ a_pos[0], a_pos[1], 0.0, 1.0 };
    v_color = a_color;
 }
--- a/examples/swapchain.zig
+++ b/examples/swapchain.zig
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ pub const Swapchain = struct {
        else
            .exclusive;
-        const handle = try gc.dev.createSwapchainKHR(&.{
+        const handle = gc.dev.createSwapchainKHR(&.{
            .surface = gc.surface,
            .min_image_count = image_count,
            .image_format = surface_format.format,
@@ -60,9 +60,11 @@ pub const Swapchain = struct {
            .pre_transform = caps.current_transform,
            .composite_alpha = .{ .opaque_bit_khr = true },
            .present_mode = present_mode,
-            .clipped = vk.TRUE,
+            .clipped = .true,
            .old_swapchain = old_handle,
-        }, null);
+        }, null) catch {
            return error.SwapchainCreationFailed;
        };
        errdefer gc.dev.destroySwapchainKHR(handle, null);
        if (old_handle != .null_handle) {
@@ -80,7 +82,11 @@ pub const Swapchain = struct {
        errdefer gc.dev.destroySemaphore(next_image_acquired, null);
        const result = try gc.dev.acquireNextImageKHR(handle, std.math.maxInt(u64), next_image_acquired, .null_handle);
-        if (result.result != .success) {
+        // event with a .suboptimal_khr we can still go on to present
        // if we error even for .suboptimal_khr the example will crash and segfault
        // on resize, since even the recreated swapchain can be suboptimal during a
        // resize.
        if (result.result == .not_ready or result.result == .timeout) {
            return error.ImageAcquireFailed;
        }
@@ -109,6 +115,8 @@ pub const Swapchain = struct {
    }
    pub fn deinit(self: Swapchain) void {
        // if we have no swapchain none of these should exist and we can just return
        if (self.handle == .null_handle) return;
        self.deinitExceptSwapchain();
        self.gc.dev.destroySwapchainKHR(self.handle, null);
    }
@@ -118,7 +126,18 @@ pub const Swapchain = struct {
        const allocator = self.allocator;
        const old_handle = self.handle;
        self.deinitExceptSwapchain();
-        self.* = try initRecycle(gc, allocator, new_extent, old_handle);
+        // set current handle to NULL_HANDLE to signal that the current swapchain does no longer need to be
        // de-initialized if we fail to recreate it.
        self.handle = .null_handle;
        self.* = initRecycle(gc, allocator, new_extent, old_handle) catch |err| switch (err) {
            error.SwapchainCreationFailed => {
                // we failed while recreating so our current handle still exists,
                // but we won't destroy it in the deferred deinit of this object.
                gc.dev.destroySwapchainKHR(old_handle, null);
                return err;
            },
            else => return err,
        };
    }
    pub fn currentImage(self: Swapchain) vk.Image {
@@ -242,7 +261,7 @@ const SwapImage = struct {
    }
    fn waitForFence(self: SwapImage, gc: *const GraphicsContext) !void {
-        _ = try gc.dev.waitForFences(1, @ptrCast(&self.frame_fence), vk.TRUE, std.math.maxInt(u64));
+        _ = try gc.dev.waitForFences(1, @ptrCast(&self.frame_fence), .true, std.math.maxInt(u64));
    }
 };
--- a/examples/triangle.zig
+++ b/examples/triangle.zig
@@ -63,6 +63,23 @@ pub fn main() !void {
    ) orelse return error.WindowInitFailed;
    defer c.glfwDestroyWindow(window);
    // According to the GLFW docs:
    //
    // > Window systems put limits on window sizes. Very large or very small window dimensions
    // > may be overridden by the window system on creation. Check the actual size after creation.
    // -- https://www.glfw.org/docs/3.3/group__window.html#ga3555a418df92ad53f917597fe2f64aeb
    //
    // This happens in practice, for example, when using Wayland with a scaling factor that is not a
    // divisor of the initial window size (see https://github.com/Snektron/vulkan-zig/pull/192).
    // To fix it, just fetch the actual size here, after the windowing system has had the time to
    // update the window.
    extent.width, extent.height = blk: {
        var w: c_int = undefined;
        var h: c_int = undefined;
        c.glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &w, &h);
        break :blk .{ @intCast(w), @intCast(h) };
    };
    var gpa = std.heap.GeneralPurposeAllocator(.{}){};
    defer _ = gpa.deinit();
    const allocator = gpa.allocator();
@@ -123,6 +140,7 @@ pub fn main() !void {
    );
    defer destroyCommandBuffers(&gc, pool, allocator, cmdbufs);
    var state: Swapchain.PresentState = .optimal;
    while (c.glfwWindowShouldClose(window) == c.GLFW_FALSE) {
        var w: c_int = undefined;
        var h: c_int = undefined;
@@ -136,11 +154,6 @@ pub fn main() !void {
        const cmdbuf = cmdbufs[swapchain.image_index];
        const state = swapchain.present(cmdbuf) catch |err| switch (err) {
            error.OutOfDateKHR => Swapchain.PresentState.suboptimal,
            else => |narrow| return narrow,
        };
        if (state == .suboptimal or extent.width != @as(u32, @intCast(w)) or extent.height != @as(u32, @intCast(h))) {
            extent.width = @intCast(w);
            extent.height = @intCast(h);
@@ -161,6 +174,10 @@ pub fn main() !void {
                framebuffers,
            );
        }
        state = swapchain.present(cmdbuf) catch |err| switch (err) {
            error.OutOfDateKHR => Swapchain.PresentState.suboptimal,
            else => |narrow| return narrow,
        };
        c.glfwPollEvents();
    }
@@ -397,7 +414,7 @@ fn createPipeline(
    const piasci = vk.PipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo{
        .topology = .triangle_list,
-        .primitive_restart_enable = vk.FALSE,
+        .primitive_restart_enable = .false,
    };
    const pvsci = vk.PipelineViewportStateCreateInfo{
@@ -408,12 +425,12 @@ fn createPipeline(
    };
    const prsci = vk.PipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo{
-        .depth_clamp_enable = vk.FALSE,
+        .depth_clamp_enable = .false,
-        .rasterizer_discard_enable = vk.FALSE,
+        .rasterizer_discard_enable = .false,
        .polygon_mode = .fill,
        .cull_mode = .{ .back_bit = true },
        .front_face = .clockwise,
-        .depth_bias_enable = vk.FALSE,
+        .depth_bias_enable = .false,
        .depth_bias_constant_factor = 0,
        .depth_bias_clamp = 0,
        .depth_bias_slope_factor = 0,
@@ -422,14 +439,14 @@ fn createPipeline(
    const pmsci = vk.PipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo{
        .rasterization_samples = .{ .@"1_bit" = true },
-        .sample_shading_enable = vk.FALSE,
+        .sample_shading_enable = .false,
        .min_sample_shading = 1,
-        .alpha_to_coverage_enable = vk.FALSE,
+        .alpha_to_coverage_enable = .false,
-        .alpha_to_one_enable = vk.FALSE,
+        .alpha_to_one_enable = .false,
    };
    const pcbas = vk.PipelineColorBlendAttachmentState{
-        .blend_enable = vk.FALSE,
+        .blend_enable = .false,
        .src_color_blend_factor = .one,
        .dst_color_blend_factor = .zero,
        .color_blend_op = .add,
@@ -440,7 +457,7 @@ fn createPipeline(
    };
    const pcbsci = vk.PipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo{
-        .logic_op_enable = vk.FALSE,
+        .logic_op_enable = .false,
        .logic_op = .copy,
        .attachment_count = 1,
        .p_attachments = @ptrCast(&pcbas),
--- a/src/id_render.zig
+++ b/src/id_render.zig
@@ -52,13 +52,8 @@ pub fn isZigPrimitiveType(name: []const u8) bool {
    return false;
 }
-pub fn writeIdentifier(writer: anytype, id: []const u8) !void {
+pub fn writeIdentifier(w: *std.io.Writer, id: []const u8) !void {
-    // https://github.com/ziglang/zig/issues/2897
+    try w.print("{f}", .{std.zig.fmtId(id)});
    if (isZigPrimitiveType(id)) {
        try writer.print("@\"{}\"", .{std.zig.fmtEscapes(id)});
    } else {
        try writer.print("{}", .{std.zig.fmtId(id)});
    }
 }
 pub const CaseStyle = enum {
@@ -126,12 +121,12 @@ pub const SegmentIterator = struct {
 pub const IdRenderer = struct {
    tags: []const []const u8,
-    text_cache: std.ArrayList(u8),
+    text_cache: std.io.Writer.Allocating,
    pub fn init(allocator: Allocator, tags: []const []const u8) IdRenderer {
        return .{
            .tags = tags,
-            .text_cache = std.ArrayList(u8).init(allocator),
+            .text_cache = .init(allocator),
        };
    }
@@ -147,19 +142,19 @@ pub const IdRenderer = struct {
            if (first) {
                first = false;
            } else {
-                try self.text_cache.append('_');
+                try self.text_cache.writer.writeByte('_');
            }
            for (segment) |c| {
-                try self.text_cache.append(if (screaming) std.ascii.toUpper(c) else std.ascii.toLower(c));
+                try self.text_cache.writer.writeByte(if (screaming) std.ascii.toUpper(c) else std.ascii.toLower(c));
            }
        }
        if (tag) |name| {
-            try self.text_cache.append('_');
+            try self.text_cache.writer.writeByte('_');
            for (name) |c| {
-                try self.text_cache.append(if (screaming) std.ascii.toUpper(c) else std.ascii.toLower(c));
+                try self.text_cache.writer.writeByte(if (screaming) std.ascii.toUpper(c) else std.ascii.toLower(c));
            }
        }
    }
@@ -171,7 +166,7 @@ pub const IdRenderer = struct {
        while (it.next()) |segment| {
            var i: usize = 0;
            while (i < segment.len and std.ascii.isDigit(segment[i])) {
-                try self.text_cache.append(segment[i]);
+                try self.text_cache.writer.writeByte(segment[i]);
                i += 1;
            }
@@ -180,34 +175,34 @@ pub const IdRenderer = struct {
            }
            if (i == 0 and lower_first) {
-                try self.text_cache.append(std.ascii.toLower(segment[i]));
+                try self.text_cache.writer.writeByte(std.ascii.toLower(segment[i]));
            } else {
-                try self.text_cache.append(std.ascii.toUpper(segment[i]));
+                try self.text_cache.writer.writeByte(std.ascii.toUpper(segment[i]));
            }
            lower_first = false;
            for (segment[i + 1 ..]) |c| {
-                try self.text_cache.append(std.ascii.toLower(c));
+                try self.text_cache.writer.writeByte(std.ascii.toLower(c));
            }
        }
        if (tag) |name| {
-            try self.text_cache.appendSlice(name);
+            try self.text_cache.writer.writeAll(name);
        }
    }
-    pub fn renderFmt(self: *IdRenderer, out: anytype, comptime fmt: []const u8, args: anytype) !void {
+    pub fn renderFmt(self: *IdRenderer, out: *std.Io.Writer, comptime fmt: []const u8, args: anytype) !void {
-        self.text_cache.items.len = 0;
+        _ = self.text_cache.writer.consumeAll();
-        try std.fmt.format(self.text_cache.writer(), fmt, args);
+        try self.text_cache.writer.print(fmt, args);
-        try writeIdentifier(out, self.text_cache.items);
+        try writeIdentifier(out, self.text_cache.writer.buffered());
    }
-    pub fn renderWithCase(self: *IdRenderer, out: anytype, case_style: CaseStyle, id: []const u8) !void {
+    pub fn renderWithCase(self: *IdRenderer, out: *std.Io.Writer, case_style: CaseStyle, id: []const u8) !void {
        const tag = self.getAuthorTag(id);
        // The trailing underscore doesn't need to be removed here as its removed by the SegmentIterator.
        const adjusted_id = if (tag) |name| id[0 .. id.len - name.len] else id;
-        self.text_cache.items.len = 0;
+        _ = self.text_cache.writer.consumeAll();
        switch (case_style) {
            .snake => try self.renderSnake(false, adjusted_id, tag),
@@ -216,7 +211,7 @@ pub const IdRenderer = struct {
            .camel => try self.renderCamel(false, adjusted_id, tag),
        }
-        try writeIdentifier(out, self.text_cache.items);
+        try writeIdentifier(out, self.text_cache.writer.buffered());
    }
    pub fn getAuthorTag(self: IdRenderer, id: []const u8) ?[]const u8 {
--- a/src/main.zig
+++ b/src/main.zig
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 const std = @import("std");
 const generator = @import("vulkan/generator.zig");
 fn invalidUsage(prog_name: []const u8, comptime fmt: []const u8, args: anytype) noreturn {
@@ -8,39 +9,47 @@ fn invalidUsage(prog_name: []const u8, comptime fmt: []const u8, args: anytype)
 }
 fn reportParseErrors(tree: std.zig.Ast) !void {
-    const stderr = std.io.getStdErr().writer();
+    var buf: [1024]u8 = undefined;
-
+    var stderr = std.fs.File.stderr().writer(&buf);
    const w = &stderr.interface;
    for (tree.errors) |err| {
        const loc = tree.tokenLocation(0, err.token);
-        try stderr.print("(vulkan-zig error):{}:{}: error: ", .{ loc.line + 1, loc.column + 1 });
+        try w.print("(vulkan-zig error):{}:{}: error: ", .{ loc.line + 1, loc.column + 1 });
-        try tree.renderError(err, stderr);
+        try tree.renderError(err, w);
-        try stderr.print("\n{s}\n", .{tree.source[loc.line_start..loc.line_end]});
+        try w.print("\n{s}\n", .{tree.source[loc.line_start..loc.line_end]});
        for (0..loc.column) |_| {
-            try stderr.writeAll(" ");
+            try w.writeAll(" ");
        }
-        try stderr.writeAll("^\n");
+        try w.writeAll("^\n");
    }
 }
-pub fn main() void {
+fn oomPanic() noreturn {
    @panic("Out of memory");
 }
 pub fn main() !void {
    var arena = std.heap.ArenaAllocator.init(std.heap.page_allocator);
    defer arena.deinit();
    const allocator = arena.allocator();
    var args = std.process.argsWithAllocator(allocator) catch |err| switch (err) {
-        error.OutOfMemory => @panic("OOM"),
+        error.OutOfMemory => oomPanic(),
    };
    const prog_name = args.next() orelse "vulkan-zig-generator";
    var maybe_xml_path: ?[]const u8 = null;
    var maybe_out_path: ?[]const u8 = null;
    var maybe_video_xml_path: ?[]const u8 = null;
    var debug: bool = false;
    var api = generator.Api.vulkan;
    while (args.next()) |arg| {
        if (std.mem.eql(u8, arg, "--help") or std.mem.eql(u8, arg, "-h")) {
            @setEvalBranchQuota(2000);
-            std.io.getStdOut().writer().print(
+            var buf: [1024]u8 = undefined;
            var w = std.fs.File.stdout().writer(&buf);
            w.interface.print(
                \\Utility to generate a Zig binding from the Vulkan XML API registry.
                \\
                \\The most recent Vulkan XML API registry can be obtained from
@@ -52,13 +61,14 @@ pub fn main() void {
                \\Options:
                \\-h --help        show this message and exit.
                \\-a --api <api>   Generate API for 'vulkan' or 'vulkansc'. Defaults to 'vulkan'.
-                \\--debug Write out unformatted source if does not parse correctly.
+                \\--debug          Write out unformatted source if does not parse correctly.
                \\--video <path>   Also gnerate Vulkan Video API bindings from video.xml
                \\                 registry at <path>.
                \\
            ,
                .{prog_name},
            ) catch |err| {
-                std.log.err("failed to write to stdout: {s}", .{@errorName(err)});
+                std.process.fatal("failed to write to stdout: {s}", .{@errorName(err)});
                std.process.exit(1);
            };
            return;
        } else if (std.mem.eql(u8, arg, "-a") or std.mem.eql(u8, arg, "--api")) {
@@ -68,12 +78,16 @@ pub fn main() void {
            api = std.meta.stringToEnum(generator.Api, api_str) orelse {
                invalidUsage(prog_name, "invalid api '{s}'", .{api_str});
            };
        } else if (std.mem.eql(u8, arg, "--debug")) {
            debug = true;
        } else if (std.mem.eql(u8, arg, "--video")) {
            maybe_video_xml_path = args.next() orelse {
                invalidUsage(prog_name, "{s} expects argument <path>", .{arg});
            };
        } else if (maybe_xml_path == null) {
            maybe_xml_path = arg;
        } else if (maybe_out_path == null) {
            maybe_out_path = arg;
        } else if (std.mem.eql(u8, arg, "--debug")) {
            debug = true;
        } else {
            invalidUsage(prog_name, "superficial argument '{s}'", .{arg});
        }
@@ -89,36 +103,49 @@ pub fn main() void {
    const cwd = std.fs.cwd();
    const xml_src = cwd.readFileAlloc(allocator, xml_path, std.math.maxInt(usize)) catch |err| {
-        std.log.err("failed to open input file '{s}' ({s})", .{ xml_path, @errorName(err) });
+        std.process.fatal("failed to open input file '{s}' ({s})", .{ xml_path, @errorName(err) });
        std.process.exit(1);
    };
-    var out_buffer = std.ArrayList(u8).init(allocator);
+    const maybe_video_xml_src = if (maybe_video_xml_path) |video_xml_path|
-    generator.generate(allocator, api, xml_src, out_buffer.writer()) catch |err| switch (err) {
+        cwd.readFileAlloc(allocator, video_xml_path, std.math.maxInt(usize)) catch |err| {
-        error.InvalidXml => {
+            std.process.fatal("failed to open input file '{s}' ({s})", .{ video_xml_path, @errorName(err) });
-            std.log.err("invalid vulkan registry - invalid xml", .{});
+        }
-            std.log.err("please check that the correct vk.xml file is passed", .{});
+    else
-            std.process.exit(1);
+        null;
-        },
+
-        error.InvalidRegistry => {
+    var aw: std.io.Writer.Allocating = .init(allocator);
-            std.log.err("invalid vulkan registry - registry is valid xml but contents are invalid", .{});
+    generator.generate(allocator, api, xml_src, maybe_video_xml_src, &aw.writer) catch |err| {
-            std.log.err("please check that the correct vk.xml file is passed", .{});
+        if (debug) {
-            std.process.exit(1);
+            return err;
-        },
+        }
-        error.UnhandledBitfieldStruct => {
+
-            std.log.err("unhandled struct with bit fields detected in vk.xml", .{});
+        switch (err) {
-            std.log.err("this is a bug in vulkan-zig", .{});
+            error.InvalidXml => {
-            std.log.err("please make a bug report at https://github.com/Snektron/vulkan-zig/issues/", .{});
+                std.log.err("invalid vulkan registry - invalid xml", .{});
-            std.process.exit(1);
+                std.log.err("please check that the correct vk.xml file is passed", .{});
-        },
+                std.process.exit(1);
-        error.OutOfMemory => @panic("oom"),
+            },
            error.InvalidRegistry => {
                std.log.err("invalid vulkan registry - registry is valid xml but contents are invalid", .{});
                std.log.err("please check that the correct vk.xml file is passed", .{});
                std.process.exit(1);
            },
            error.UnhandledBitfieldStruct => {
                std.log.err("unhandled struct with bit fields detected in vk.xml", .{});
                std.log.err("this is a bug in vulkan-zig", .{});
                std.log.err("please make a bug report at https://github.com/Snektron/vulkan-zig/issues/", .{});
                std.process.exit(1);
            },
            error.OutOfMemory, error.WriteFailed => oomPanic(),
        }
    };
-    out_buffer.append(0) catch @panic("oom");
+    aw.writer.writeByte(0) catch oomPanic();
-    const src = out_buffer.items[0 .. out_buffer.items.len - 1 :0];
+    const buffered = aw.writer.buffered();
    const src = buffered[0 .. buffered.len - 1 :0];
    const tree = std.zig.Ast.parse(allocator, src, .zig) catch |err| switch (err) {
-        error.OutOfMemory => @panic("oom"),
+        error.OutOfMemory => oomPanic(),
    };
    const formatted = if (tree.errors.len > 0) blk: {
@@ -128,22 +155,20 @@ pub fn main() void {
        std.log.err("or run with --debug to write out unformatted source", .{});
        reportParseErrors(tree) catch |err| {
-            std.log.err("failed to dump ast errors: {s}", .{@errorName(err)});
+            std.process.fatal("failed to dump ast errors: {s}", .{@errorName(err)});
            std.process.exit(1);
        };
        if (debug) {
            break :blk src;
        }
        std.process.exit(1);
-    } else tree.render(allocator) catch |err| switch (err) {
+    } else tree.renderAlloc(allocator) catch |err| switch (err) {
-        error.OutOfMemory => @panic("oom"),
+        error.OutOfMemory => oomPanic(),
    };
    if (std.fs.path.dirname(out_path)) |dir| {
        cwd.makePath(dir) catch |err| {
-            std.log.err("failed to create output directory '{s}' ({s})", .{ dir, @errorName(err) });
+            std.process.fatal("failed to create output directory '{s}' ({s})", .{ dir, @errorName(err) });
            std.process.exit(1);
        };
    }
@@ -151,8 +176,7 @@ pub fn main() void {
        .sub_path = out_path,
        .data = formatted,
    }) catch |err| {
-        std.log.err("failed to write to output file '{s}' ({s})", .{ out_path, @errorName(err) });
+        std.process.fatal("failed to write to output file '{s}' ({s})", .{ out_path, @errorName(err) });
        std.process.exit(1);
    };
 }
--- a/src/vulkan/c_parse.zig
+++ b/src/vulkan/c_parse.zig
@@ -90,10 +90,18 @@ pub const CTokenizer = struct {
        const start = self.offset;
        _ = self.consumeNoEof();
        const hex = self.peek() == 'x';
        if (hex) {
            _ = self.consumeNoEof();
        }
        while (true) {
-            const c = self.peek() orelse break;
+            switch (self.peek() orelse break) {
            switch (c) {
                '0'...'9' => _ = self.consumeNoEof(),
                'A'...'F', 'a'...'f' => {
                    if (!hex) break;
                    _ = self.consumeNoEof();
                },
                else => break,
            }
        }
@@ -164,7 +172,12 @@ pub const XmlCTokenizer = struct {
    }
    fn elemToToken(elem: *xml.Element) !?Token {
-        if (elem.children.len != 1 or elem.children[0] != .char_data) {
+        // Sometimes we encounter empty comment tags. Filter those out
        // by early returning here, otherwise the next check will
        // determine that the input is not valid XML.
        if (mem.eql(u8, elem.tag, "comment")) {
            return null;
        } else if (elem.children.len != 1 or elem.children[0] != .char_data) {
            return error.InvalidXml;
        }
@@ -175,8 +188,6 @@ pub const XmlCTokenizer = struct {
            return Token{ .kind = .enum_name, .text = text };
        } else if (mem.eql(u8, elem.tag, "name")) {
            return Token{ .kind = .name, .text = text };
        } else if (mem.eql(u8, elem.tag, "comment")) {
            return null;
        } else {
            return error.InvalidTag;
        }
@@ -446,8 +457,8 @@ fn parseFnPtrSuffix(allocator: Allocator, xctok: *XmlCTokenizer, return_type: Ty
    // There is no good way to estimate the number of parameters beforehand.
    // Fortunately, there are usually a relatively low number of parameters to a function pointer,
    // so an ArrayList backed by an arena allocator is good enough.
-    var params = std.ArrayList(registry.Command.Param).init(allocator);
+    var params: std.ArrayList(registry.Command.Param) = .empty;
-    try params.append(.{
+    try params.append(allocator, .{
        .name = first_param.name.?,
        .param_type = first_param.decl_type,
        .is_buffer_len = false,
@@ -462,7 +473,7 @@ fn parseFnPtrSuffix(allocator: Allocator, xctok: *XmlCTokenizer, return_type: Ty
        }
        const decl = try parseDeclaration(allocator, xctok, ptrs_optional);
-        try params.append(.{
+        try params.append(allocator, .{
            .name = decl.name orelse return error.MissingTypeIdentifier,
            .param_type = decl.decl_type,
            .is_buffer_len = false,
@@ -471,7 +482,7 @@ fn parseFnPtrSuffix(allocator: Allocator, xctok: *XmlCTokenizer, return_type: Ty
    }
    _ = try xctok.nextNoEof();
-    command_ptr.decl_type.command_ptr.params = try params.toOwnedSlice();
+    command_ptr.decl_type.command_ptr.params = try params.toOwnedSlice(allocator);
    return command_ptr;
 }
@@ -530,7 +541,10 @@ fn parseArrayDeclarator(xctok: *XmlCTokenizer) !?ArraySize {
                error.InvalidCharacter => unreachable,
            },
        },
-        .enum_name => .{ .alias = size_tok.text },
+        // Sometimes, arrays are declared as `<type>T</type> <name>aa</name>[<enum>SIZE</enum>]`,
        // and sometimes just as `<type>T</type> <name>aa</name>[SIZE]`, so we have to account
        // for both `.enum_name` and `.id` here.
        .enum_name, .id => .{ .alias = size_tok.text },
        else => return error.InvalidSyntax,
    };
@@ -538,7 +552,7 @@ fn parseArrayDeclarator(xctok: *XmlCTokenizer) !?ArraySize {
    return size;
 }
-pub fn parseVersion(xctok: *XmlCTokenizer) ![4][]const u8 {
+pub fn parseVersion(xctok: *XmlCTokenizer) !registry.ApiConstant.Value {
    _ = try xctok.expect(.hash);
    const define = try xctok.expect(.id);
    if (!mem.eql(u8, define.text, "define")) {
@@ -547,12 +561,22 @@ pub fn parseVersion(xctok: *XmlCTokenizer) ![4][]const u8 {
    _ = try xctok.expect(.name);
    const vk_make_version = try xctok.expect(.type_name);
-    if (!mem.eql(u8, vk_make_version.text, "VK_MAKE_API_VERSION")) {
+    if (mem.eql(u8, vk_make_version.text, "VK_MAKE_API_VERSION")) {
        return .{
            .version = try parseVersionValues(xctok, 4),
        };
    } else if (mem.eql(u8, vk_make_version.text, "VK_MAKE_VIDEO_STD_VERSION")) {
        return .{
            .video_std_version = try parseVersionValues(xctok, 3),
        };
    } else {
        return error.NotVersion;
    }
 }
 fn parseVersionValues(xctok: *XmlCTokenizer, comptime count: usize) ![count][]const u8 {
    _ = try xctok.expect(.lparen);
-    var version: [4][]const u8 = undefined;
+    var version: [count][]const u8 = undefined;
    for (&version, 0..) |*part, i| {
        if (i != 0) {
            _ = try xctok.expect(.comma);
--- a/src/vulkan/generator.zig
+++ b/src/vulkan/generator.zig
@@ -10,11 +10,13 @@ const FeatureLevel = reg.FeatureLevel;
 const EnumFieldMerger = struct {
    const EnumExtensionMap = std.StringArrayHashMapUnmanaged(std.ArrayListUnmanaged(reg.Enum.Field));
    const ApiConstantMap = std.StringArrayHashMapUnmanaged(reg.ApiConstant);
    const FieldSet = std.StringArrayHashMapUnmanaged(void);
    arena: Allocator,
    registry: *reg.Registry,
    enum_extensions: EnumExtensionMap,
    api_constants: ApiConstantMap,
    field_set: FieldSet,
    fn init(arena: Allocator, registry: *reg.Registry) EnumFieldMerger {
@@ -22,6 +24,7 @@ const EnumFieldMerger = struct {
            .arena = arena,
            .registry = registry,
            .enum_extensions = .{},
            .api_constants = .{},
            .field_set = .{},
        };
    }
@@ -29,7 +32,7 @@ const EnumFieldMerger = struct {
    fn putEnumExtension(self: *EnumFieldMerger, enum_name: []const u8, field: reg.Enum.Field) !void {
        const res = try self.enum_extensions.getOrPut(self.arena, enum_name);
        if (!res.found_existing) {
-            res.value_ptr.* = std.ArrayListUnmanaged(reg.Enum.Field){};
+            res.value_ptr.* = .empty;
        }
        try res.value_ptr.append(self.arena, field);
@@ -38,7 +41,17 @@ const EnumFieldMerger = struct {
    fn addRequires(self: *EnumFieldMerger, reqs: []const reg.Require) !void {
        for (reqs) |req| {
            for (req.extends) |enum_ext| {
-                try self.putEnumExtension(enum_ext.extends, enum_ext.field);
+                switch (enum_ext.value) {
                    .field => try self.putEnumExtension(enum_ext.extends, enum_ext.value.field),
                    .new_api_constant_expr => |expr| try self.api_constants.put(
                        self.arena,
                        enum_ext.extends,
                        .{
                            .name = enum_ext.extends,
                            .value = .{ .expr = expr },
                        },
                    ),
                }
            }
        }
    }
@@ -76,6 +89,10 @@ const EnumFieldMerger = struct {
    }
    fn merge(self: *EnumFieldMerger) !void {
        for (self.registry.api_constants) |api_constant| {
            try self.api_constants.put(self.arena, api_constant.name, api_constant);
        }
        for (self.registry.features) |feature| {
            try self.addRequires(feature.requires);
        }
@@ -91,6 +108,8 @@ const EnumFieldMerger = struct {
                try self.mergeEnumFields(decl.name, &decl.decl_type.enumeration);
            }
        }
        self.registry.api_constants = self.api_constants.values();
    }
 };
@@ -98,9 +117,10 @@ pub const Generator = struct {
    arena: std.heap.ArenaAllocator,
    registry: reg.Registry,
    id_renderer: IdRenderer,
    have_video: bool,
-    fn init(allocator: Allocator, spec: *xml.Element, api: reg.Api) !Generator {
+    fn init(allocator: Allocator, spec: *xml.Element, maybe_video_spec: ?*xml.Element, api: reg.Api) !Generator {
-        const result = try parseXml(allocator, spec, api);
+        const result = try parseXml(allocator, spec, maybe_video_spec, api);
        const tags = try allocator.alloc([]const u8, result.registry.tags.len);
        for (tags, result.registry.tags) |*tag, registry_tag| tag.* = registry_tag.name;
@@ -109,6 +129,7 @@ pub const Generator = struct {
            .arena = result.arena,
            .registry = result.registry,
            .id_renderer = IdRenderer.init(allocator, tags),
            .have_video = maybe_video_spec != null,
        };
    }
@@ -165,8 +186,8 @@ pub const Generator = struct {
        self.registry.decls.len = i;
    }
-    fn render(self: *Generator, writer: anytype) !void {
+    fn render(self: *Generator, writer: *std.Io.Writer) !void {
-        try renderRegistry(writer, self.arena.allocator(), &self.registry, &self.id_renderer);
+        try renderRegistry(writer, self.arena.allocator(), &self.registry, &self.id_renderer, self.have_video);
    }
 };
@@ -178,7 +199,13 @@ pub const Api = reg.Api;
 /// and the resulting binding is written to `writer`. `allocator` will be used to allocate temporary
 /// internal datastructures - mostly via an ArenaAllocator, but sometimes a hashmap uses this allocator
 /// directly. `api` is the API to generate the bindings for, usually `.vulkan`.
-pub fn generate(allocator: Allocator, api: Api, spec_xml: []const u8, writer: anytype) !void {
+pub fn generate(
    allocator: Allocator,
    api: Api,
    spec_xml: []const u8,
    maybe_video_spec_xml: ?[]const u8,
    writer: *std.Io.Writer,
 ) !void {
    const spec = xml.parse(allocator, spec_xml) catch |err| switch (err) {
        error.InvalidDocument,
        error.UnexpectedEof,
@@ -195,7 +222,26 @@ pub fn generate(allocator: Allocator, api: Api, spec_xml: []const u8, writer: an
    };
    defer spec.deinit();
-    var gen = Generator.init(allocator, spec.root, api) catch |err| switch (err) {
+    const maybe_video_spec_root = if (maybe_video_spec_xml) |video_spec_xml| blk: {
        const video_spec = xml.parse(allocator, video_spec_xml) catch |err| switch (err) {
            error.InvalidDocument,
            error.UnexpectedEof,
            error.UnexpectedCharacter,
            error.IllegalCharacter,
            error.InvalidEntity,
            error.InvalidName,
            error.InvalidStandaloneValue,
            error.NonMatchingClosingTag,
            error.UnclosedComment,
            error.UnclosedValue,
            => return error.InvalidXml,
            error.OutOfMemory => return error.OutOfMemory,
        };
        break :blk video_spec.root;
    } else null;
    var gen = Generator.init(allocator, spec.root, maybe_video_spec_root, api) catch |err| switch (err) {
        error.InvalidXml,
        error.InvalidCharacter,
        error.Overflow,
--- a/src/vulkan/parse.zig
+++ b/src/vulkan/parse.zig
@@ -17,18 +17,43 @@ pub const ParseResult = struct {
    }
 };
-pub fn parseXml(backing_allocator: Allocator, root: *xml.Element, api: registry.Api) !ParseResult {
+pub fn parseXml(
    backing_allocator: Allocator,
    root: *xml.Element,
    maybe_video_root: ?*xml.Element,
    api: registry.Api,
 ) !ParseResult {
    var arena = ArenaAllocator.init(backing_allocator);
    errdefer arena.deinit();
    const allocator = arena.allocator();
    var decls: std.ArrayList(registry.Declaration) = .empty;
    var api_constants: std.ArrayList(registry.ApiConstant) = .empty;
    var tags: std.ArrayList(registry.Tag) = .empty;
    var features: std.ArrayList(registry.Feature) = .empty;
    var extensions: std.ArrayList(registry.Extension) = .empty;
    try parseDeclarations(allocator, root, api, &decls);
    try parseApiConstants(allocator, root, api, &api_constants);
    try parseTags(allocator, root, &tags);
    try parseFeatures(allocator, root, api, &features);
    try parseExtensions(allocator, root, api, &extensions);
    if (maybe_video_root) |video_root| {
        try parseDeclarations(allocator, video_root, api, &decls);
        try parseApiConstants(allocator, video_root, api, &api_constants);
        try parseTags(allocator, video_root, &tags);
        try parseFeatures(allocator, video_root, api, &features);
        try parseExtensions(allocator, video_root, api, &extensions);
    }
    const reg = registry.Registry{
-        .decls = try parseDeclarations(allocator, root, api),
+        .decls = decls.items,
-        .api_constants = try parseApiConstants(allocator, root, api),
+        .api_constants = api_constants.items,
-        .tags = try parseTags(allocator, root),
+        .tags = tags.items,
-        .features = try parseFeatures(allocator, root, api),
+        .features = features.items,
-        .extensions = try parseExtensions(allocator, root, api),
+        .extensions = extensions.items,
    };
    return ParseResult{
@@ -37,25 +62,33 @@ pub fn parseXml(backing_allocator: Allocator, root: *xml.Element, api: registry.
    };
 }
-fn parseDeclarations(allocator: Allocator, root: *xml.Element, api: registry.Api) ![]registry.Declaration {
+fn parseDeclarations(
    allocator: Allocator,
    root: *xml.Element,
    api: registry.Api,
    decls: *std.ArrayList(registry.Declaration),
 ) !void {
    const types_elem = root.findChildByTag("types") orelse return error.InvalidRegistry;
-    const commands_elem = root.findChildByTag("commands") orelse return error.InvalidRegistry;
+    try decls.ensureUnusedCapacity(allocator, types_elem.children.len);
-    const decl_upper_bound = types_elem.children.len + commands_elem.children.len;
+    try parseTypes(allocator, types_elem, api, decls);
-    const decls = try allocator.alloc(registry.Declaration, decl_upper_bound);
+    try parseEnums(allocator, root, api, decls);
-    var count: usize = 0;
+    if (root.findChildByTag("commands")) |commands_elem| {
-    count += try parseTypes(allocator, decls, types_elem, api);
+        try decls.ensureUnusedCapacity(allocator, commands_elem.children.len);
-    count += try parseEnums(allocator, decls[count..], root, api);
+        try parseCommands(allocator, commands_elem, api, decls);
-    count += try parseCommands(allocator, decls[count..], commands_elem, api);
+    }
    return decls[0..count];
 }
-fn parseTypes(allocator: Allocator, out: []registry.Declaration, types_elem: *xml.Element, api: registry.Api) !usize {
+fn parseTypes(
-    var i: usize = 0;
+    allocator: Allocator,
    types_elem: *xml.Element,
    api: registry.Api,
    decls: *std.ArrayList(registry.Declaration),
 ) !void {
    var it = types_elem.findChildrenByTag("type");
    while (it.next()) |ty| {
-        out[i] = blk: {
+        try decls.append(allocator, blk: {
            if (!requiredByApi(ty, api))
                continue;
@@ -80,12 +113,8 @@ fn parseTypes(allocator: Allocator, out: []registry.Declaration, types_elem: *xm
            }
            continue;
-        };
+        });
        i += 1;
    }
    return i;
 }
 fn parseForeigntype(ty: *xml.Element) !registry.Declaration {
@@ -336,10 +365,18 @@ fn parsePointerMeta(fields: Fields, type_info: *registry.TypeInfo, elem: *xml.El
            else => break,
        };
-        if (it.next()) |_| {
+        if (it.next()) |_| ignore: {
            // There are more elements in the `len` attribute than there are pointers
            // Something probably went wrong
-            std.log.err("len: {s}", .{lens});
+            switch (current_type_info.*) {
                .name => |name| if (std.mem.eql(u8, name, "StdVideoH265SubLayerHrdParameters")) {
                    // Known issue: https://github.com/KhronosGroup/Vulkan-Docs/issues/2557
                    break :ignore;
                },
                else => {},
            }
            std.log.err("excessive pointer lengths: {s}", .{lens});
            return error.InvalidRegistry;
        }
    }
@@ -388,8 +425,12 @@ fn parseEnumAlias(elem: *xml.Element) !?registry.Declaration {
    return null;
 }
-fn parseEnums(allocator: Allocator, out: []registry.Declaration, root: *xml.Element, api: registry.Api) !usize {
+fn parseEnums(
-    var i: usize = 0;
+    allocator: Allocator,
    root: *xml.Element,
    api: registry.Api,
    decls: *std.ArrayList(registry.Declaration),
 ) !void {
    var it = root.findChildrenByTag("enums");
    while (it.next()) |enums| {
        const name = enums.getAttribute("name") orelse return error.InvalidRegistry;
@@ -397,14 +438,11 @@ fn parseEnums(allocator: Allocator, out: []registry.Declaration, root: *xml.Elem
            continue;
        }
-        out[i] = .{
+        try decls.append(allocator, .{
            .name = name,
            .decl_type = .{ .enumeration = try parseEnumFields(allocator, enums, api) },
-        };
+        });
        i += 1;
    }
    return i;
 }
 fn parseEnumFields(allocator: Allocator, elem: *xml.Element, api: registry.Api) !registry.Enum {
@@ -477,18 +515,19 @@ fn parseEnumField(field: *xml.Element) !registry.Enum.Field {
    };
 }
-fn parseCommands(allocator: Allocator, out: []registry.Declaration, commands_elem: *xml.Element, api: registry.Api) !usize {
+fn parseCommands(
-    var i: usize = 0;
+    allocator: Allocator,
    commands_elem: *xml.Element,
    api: registry.Api,
    decls: *std.ArrayList(registry.Declaration),
 ) !void {
    var it = commands_elem.findChildrenByTag("command");
    while (it.next()) |elem| {
        if (!requiredByApi(elem, api))
            continue;
-        out[i] = try parseCommand(allocator, elem, api);
+        try decls.append(allocator, try parseCommand(allocator, elem, api));
        i += 1;
    }
    return i;
 }
 fn splitCommaAlloc(allocator: Allocator, text: []const u8) ![][]const u8 {
@@ -587,8 +626,13 @@ fn parseCommand(allocator: Allocator, elem: *xml.Element, api: registry.Api) !re
    };
 }
-fn parseApiConstants(allocator: Allocator, root: *xml.Element, api: registry.Api) ![]registry.ApiConstant {
+fn parseApiConstants(
-    var enums = blk: {
+    allocator: Allocator,
    root: *xml.Element,
    api: registry.Api,
    api_constants: *std.ArrayList(registry.ApiConstant),
 ) !void {
    const maybe_enums = blk: {
        var it = root.findChildrenByTag("enums");
        while (it.next()) |child| {
            const name = child.getAttribute("name") orelse continue;
@@ -597,52 +641,39 @@ fn parseApiConstants(allocator: Allocator, root: *xml.Element, api: registry.Api
            }
        }
-        return error.InvalidRegistry;
+        break :blk null;
    };
-    var types = root.findChildByTag("types") orelse return error.InvalidRegistry;
+    if (maybe_enums) |enums| {
-    const n_defines = blk: {
+        var it = enums.findChildrenByTag("enum");
-        var n_defines: usize = 0;
+        while (it.next()) |constant| {
-        var it = types.findChildrenByTag("type");
+            if (!requiredByApi(constant, api))
-        while (it.next()) |ty| {
+                continue;
-            if (ty.getAttribute("category")) |category| {
+
-                if (mem.eql(u8, category, "define")) {
+            const expr = if (constant.getAttribute("value")) |expr|
-                    n_defines += 1;
+                expr
-                }
+            else if (constant.getAttribute("alias")) |alias|
-            }
+                alias
            else
                return error.InvalidRegistry;
            try api_constants.append(allocator, .{
                .name = constant.getAttribute("name") orelse return error.InvalidRegistry,
                .value = .{ .expr = expr },
            });
        }
        break :blk n_defines;
    };
    const constants = try allocator.alloc(registry.ApiConstant, enums.children.len + n_defines);
    var i: usize = 0;
    var it = enums.findChildrenByTag("enum");
    while (it.next()) |constant| {
        if (!requiredByApi(constant, api))
            continue;
        const expr = if (constant.getAttribute("value")) |expr|
            expr
        else if (constant.getAttribute("alias")) |alias|
            alias
        else
            return error.InvalidRegistry;
        constants[i] = .{
            .name = constant.getAttribute("name") orelse return error.InvalidRegistry,
            .value = .{ .expr = expr },
        };
        i += 1;
    }
-    i += try parseDefines(types, constants[i..], api);
+    const types = root.findChildByTag("types") orelse return error.InvalidRegistry;
-    return constants[0..i];
+    try parseDefines(allocator, types, api, api_constants);
 }
-fn parseDefines(types: *xml.Element, out: []registry.ApiConstant, api: registry.Api) !usize {
+fn parseDefines(
-    var i: usize = 0;
+    allocator: Allocator,
    types: *xml.Element,
    api: registry.Api,
    api_constants: *std.ArrayList(registry.ApiConstant),
 ) !void {
    var it = types.findChildrenByTag("type");
    while (it.next()) |ty| {
        if (!requiredByApi(ty, api))
@@ -655,58 +686,45 @@ fn parseDefines(types: *xml.Element, out: []registry.ApiConstant, api: registry.
        const name = ty.getCharData("name") orelse continue;
        if (mem.eql(u8, name, "VK_HEADER_VERSION") or mem.eql(u8, name, "VKSC_API_VARIANT")) {
-            out[i] = .{
+            try api_constants.append(allocator, .{
                .name = name,
                .value = .{ .expr = mem.trim(u8, ty.children[2].char_data, " ") },
-            };
+            });
        } else {
            var xctok = cparse.XmlCTokenizer.init(ty);
-            out[i] = .{
+            try api_constants.append(allocator, .{
                .name = name,
-                .value = .{ .version = cparse.parseVersion(&xctok) catch continue },
+                .value = cparse.parseVersion(&xctok) catch continue,
-            };
+            });
        }
        i += 1;
    }
    return i;
 }
-fn parseTags(allocator: Allocator, root: *xml.Element) ![]registry.Tag {
+fn parseTags(
-    var tags_elem = root.findChildByTag("tags") orelse return error.InvalidRegistry;
+    allocator: Allocator,
-    const tags = try allocator.alloc(registry.Tag, tags_elem.children.len);
+    root: *xml.Element,
    tags: *std.ArrayList(registry.Tag),
 ) !void {
    var tags_elem = root.findChildByTag("tags") orelse return;
    try tags.ensureUnusedCapacity(allocator, tags_elem.children.len);
    var i: usize = 0;
    var it = tags_elem.findChildrenByTag("tag");
    while (it.next()) |tag| {
-        tags[i] = .{
+        tags.appendAssumeCapacity(.{
            .name = tag.getAttribute("name") orelse return error.InvalidRegistry,
            .author = tag.getAttribute("author") orelse return error.InvalidRegistry,
-        };
+        });
        i += 1;
    }
    return tags[0..i];
 }
-fn parseFeatures(allocator: Allocator, root: *xml.Element, api: registry.Api) ![]registry.Feature {
+fn parseFeatures(allocator: Allocator, root: *xml.Element, api: registry.Api, features: *std.ArrayList(registry.Feature)) !void {
    var it = root.findChildrenByTag("feature");
    var count: usize = 0;
    while (it.next()) |_| count += 1;
    const features = try allocator.alloc(registry.Feature, count);
    var i: usize = 0;
    it = root.findChildrenByTag("feature");
    while (it.next()) |feature| {
        if (!requiredByApi(feature, api))
            continue;
-        features[i] = try parseFeature(allocator, feature, api);
+        try features.append(allocator, try parseFeature(allocator, feature, api));
        i += 1;
    }
    return features[0..i];
 }
 fn parseFeature(allocator: Allocator, feature: *xml.Element, api: registry.Api) !registry.Feature {
@@ -736,11 +754,24 @@ fn parseFeature(allocator: Allocator, feature: *xml.Element, api: registry.Api)
 fn parseEnumExtension(elem: *xml.Element, parent_extnumber: ?u31) !?registry.Require.EnumExtension {
    // check for either _SPEC_VERSION or _EXTENSION_NAME
-    const extends = elem.getAttribute("extends") orelse return null;
+    const name = elem.getAttribute("name") orelse return error.InvalidRegistry;
    if (std.mem.endsWith(u8, name, "_SPEC_VERSION") or std.mem.endsWith(u8, name, "_EXTENSION_NAME")) {
        return null;
    }
    const extends = elem.getAttribute("extends") orelse {
        const expr = elem.getAttribute("value") orelse return null;
        // This adds a value to the 'API constants' set
        return registry.Require.EnumExtension{
            .extends = name,
            .extnumber = null,
            .value = .{ .new_api_constant_expr = expr },
        };
    };
    if (elem.getAttribute("offset")) |offset_str| {
        const offset = try std.fmt.parseInt(u31, offset_str, 10);
        const name = elem.getAttribute("name") orelse return error.InvalidRegistry;
        const extnumber = if (elem.getAttribute("extnumber")) |num|
            try std.fmt.parseInt(u31, num, 10)
        else
@@ -763,9 +794,11 @@ fn parseEnumExtension(elem: *xml.Element, parent_extnumber: ?u31) !?registry.Req
        return registry.Require.EnumExtension{
            .extends = extends,
            .extnumber = actual_extnumber,
-            .field = .{
+            .value = .{
-                .name = name,
+                .field = .{
-                .value = .{ .int = value },
+                    .name = name,
                    .value = .{ .int = value },
                },
            },
        };
    }
@@ -773,7 +806,7 @@ fn parseEnumExtension(elem: *xml.Element, parent_extnumber: ?u31) !?registry.Req
    return registry.Require.EnumExtension{
        .extends = extends,
        .extnumber = parent_extnumber,
-        .field = try parseEnumField(elem),
+        .value = .{ .field = try parseEnumField(elem) },
    };
 }
@@ -844,11 +877,15 @@ fn parseRequire(allocator: Allocator, require: *xml.Element, extnumber: ?u31, ap
    };
 }
-fn parseExtensions(allocator: Allocator, root: *xml.Element, api: registry.Api) ![]registry.Extension {
+fn parseExtensions(
    allocator: Allocator,
    root: *xml.Element,
    api: registry.Api,
    extensions: *std.ArrayList(registry.Extension),
 ) !void {
    const extensions_elem = root.findChildByTag("extensions") orelse return error.InvalidRegistry;
    try extensions.ensureUnusedCapacity(allocator, extensions_elem.children.len);
    const extensions = try allocator.alloc(registry.Extension, extensions_elem.children.len);
    var i: usize = 0;
    var it = extensions_elem.findChildrenByTag("extension");
    while (it.next()) |extension| {
        if (!requiredByApi(extension, api))
@@ -860,14 +897,11 @@ fn parseExtensions(allocator: Allocator, root: *xml.Element, api: registry.Api)
            }
        }
-        extensions[i] = try parseExtension(allocator, extension, api);
+        extensions.appendAssumeCapacity(try parseExtension(allocator, extension, api));
        i += 1;
    }
    return extensions[0..i];
 }
-fn findExtVersion(extension: *xml.Element) !u32 {
+fn findExtVersion(extension: *xml.Element) !registry.Extension.Version {
    var req_it = extension.findChildrenByTag("require");
    while (req_it.next()) |req| {
        var enum_it = req.findChildrenByTag("enum");
@@ -875,17 +909,23 @@ fn findExtVersion(extension: *xml.Element) !u32 {
            const name = e.getAttribute("name") orelse continue;
            const value = e.getAttribute("value") orelse continue;
            if (mem.endsWith(u8, name, "_SPEC_VERSION")) {
-                return try std.fmt.parseInt(u32, value, 10);
+                // Vulkan Video extensions are sometimes aliases.
                // If we fail to parse it as integer, just assume that its an alias and return that.
                const version = std.fmt.parseInt(u32, value, 10) catch return .{ .alias = value };
                return .{ .int = version };
            }
        }
    }
-    return error.InvalidRegistry;
+    return .unknown;
 }
 fn parseExtension(allocator: Allocator, extension: *xml.Element, api: registry.Api) !registry.Extension {
    const name = extension.getAttribute("name") orelse return error.InvalidRegistry;
    const platform = extension.getAttribute("platform");
    const is_video = std.mem.startsWith(u8, name, "vulkan_video_");
    const version = try findExtVersion(extension);
    // For some reason there are two ways for an extension to state its required
@@ -907,11 +947,14 @@ fn parseExtension(allocator: Allocator, extension: *xml.Element, api: registry.A
    };
    const number = blk: {
        // Vulkan Video extensions do not have numbers.
        if (is_video) break :blk 0;
        const number_str = extension.getAttribute("number") orelse return error.InvalidRegistry;
        break :blk try std.fmt.parseInt(u31, number_str, 10);
    };
    const ext_type: ?registry.Extension.ExtensionType = blk: {
        if (is_video) break :blk .video;
        const ext_type_str = extension.getAttribute("type") orelse break :blk null;
        if (mem.eql(u8, ext_type_str, "instance")) {
            break :blk .instance;
--- a/src/vulkan/registry.zig
+++ b/src/vulkan/registry.zig
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ pub const ApiConstant = struct {
    pub const Value = union(enum) {
        expr: []const u8,
        version: [4][]const u8,
        video_std_version: [3][]const u8,
    };
    name: []const u8,
@@ -179,6 +180,7 @@ pub const Extension = struct {
    pub const ExtensionType = enum {
        instance,
        device,
        video,
    };
    pub const Promotion = union(enum) {
@@ -187,9 +189,15 @@ pub const Extension = struct {
        extension: []const u8,
    };
    pub const Version = union(enum) {
        int: u32,
        alias: []const u8,
        unknown,
    };
    name: []const u8,
    number: u31,
-    version: u32,
+    version: Version,
    extension_type: ?ExtensionType,
    depends: []const []const u8, // Other extensions
    promoted_to: Promotion,
@@ -200,9 +208,13 @@ pub const Extension = struct {
 pub const Require = struct {
    pub const EnumExtension = struct {
        pub const Value = union(enum) {
            field: Enum.Field,
            new_api_constant_expr: []const u8,
        };
        extends: []const u8,
        extnumber: ?u31,
-        field: Enum.Field,
+        value: Value,
    };
    extends: []EnumExtension,
--- a/src/vulkan/render.zig
+++ b/src/vulkan/render.zig
--- a/src/xml.zig
+++ b/src/xml.zig
@@ -439,15 +439,15 @@ fn parseElement(parser: *Parser, alloc: Allocator, comptime kind: ElementKind) !
        },
    };
-    var attributes = std.ArrayList(Attribute).init(alloc);
+    var attributes: std.ArrayList(Attribute) = .empty;
-    defer attributes.deinit();
+    defer attributes.deinit(alloc);
-    var children = std.ArrayList(Content).init(alloc);
+    var children: std.ArrayList(Content) = .empty;
-    defer children.deinit();
+    defer children.deinit(alloc);
    while (parser.eatWs()) {
        const attr = (try parseAttr(parser, alloc)) orelse break;
-        try attributes.append(attr);
+        try attributes.append(alloc, attr);
    }
    switch (kind) {
@@ -464,7 +464,7 @@ fn parseElement(parser: *Parser, alloc: Allocator, comptime kind: ElementKind) !
                    }
                    const content = try parseContent(parser, alloc);
-                    try children.append(content);
+                    try children.append(alloc, content);
                }
                const closing_tag = try parseNameNoDupe(parser);
@@ -481,8 +481,8 @@ fn parseElement(parser: *Parser, alloc: Allocator, comptime kind: ElementKind) !
    const element = try alloc.create(Element);
    element.* = .{
        .tag = try alloc.dupe(u8, tag),
-        .attributes = try attributes.toOwnedSlice(),
+        .attributes = try attributes.toOwnedSlice(alloc),
-        .children = try children.toOwnedSlice(),
+        .children = try children.toOwnedSlice(alloc),
    };
    return element;
 }
--- a/test/ref_all_decls.zig
+++ b/test/ref_all_decls.zig
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ pub const MTLTexture_id = u32;
 pub const MTLSharedEvent_id = u32;
 pub const IOSurfaceRef = u32;
 // For some reason these types are exported in a different header, and not described in vk.xml.
 pub const StdVideoH264ProfileIdc = u32;
 pub const StdVideoH264LevelIdc = u32;
 pub const StdVideoH264ChromaFormatIdc = u32;
@@ -100,13 +99,13 @@ comptime {
 fn reallyRefAllDecls(comptime T: type) void {
    switch (@typeInfo(T)) {
-        .Struct, .Union => {
+        .@"struct", .@"union" => {
            reallyRefAllContainerDecls(T);
            inline for (std.meta.fields(T)) |field| {
                reallyRefAllDecls(field.type);
            }
        },
-        .Enum, .Opaque => {
+        .@"enum", .@"opaque" => {
            reallyRefAllContainerDecls(T);
        },
        else => {},
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Robin Voetter	f879074293	Merge pull request #203 from Snektron/vkbool32-enum replace vk.Bool32 with enum	2025-08-26 23:07:48 +02:00
Robin Voetter	571c59180d	replace vk.Bool32 with enum	2025-08-26 23:06:23 +02:00
Robin Voetter	8322c9593f	Merge pull request #201 from i-pj/fix-issue-200 Format function signature	2025-08-24 21:05:12 +02:00
Parth Jain	33407b8e4e	update format function	2025-08-24 14:04:13 +05:30
Robin Voetter	93bc6f1ac3	Merge pull request #198 from flut2/update-zig-1 update to 0.15.0-dev.1518+749f10af4	2025-08-15 10:37:02 +02:00
flut2	bed9e2d224	update to 0.15.0-dev.1518+749f10af4	2025-08-15 06:48:14 +01:00
Robin Voetter	ed429842b8	Merge pull request #196 from mozbeel/android-fix isARM -> isArm (Android)	2025-08-01 00:12:29 +02:00
mozbeel	cb618dea81	Fixed isARM -> isArm	2025-08-01 00:03:25 +02:00
Robin Voetter	e492b17810	Merge pull request #195 from Snektron/fix-windowresize fix window extent after creating	2025-07-20 11:47:10 +02:00
Robin Voetter	39565ca4c3	fix window extent after creating The requested dimensions of a newly created window may be different from the actual dimensions as the window system may enforce additional restrictions. This happens, for example, when using Wayland with a scaling factor of 3 (the default width of 800 is not divisible by 3). To fix it, just re-query the actual framebuffer size after creating the window. The GLFW documentation also suggests to do this: > The created window, framebuffer and context may differ from what you requested, > as not all parameters and hints are hard constraints. This includes the size of > the window, especially for full screen windows. To query the actual attributes > of the created window, framebuffer and context, see glfwGetWindowAttrib, > glfwGetWindowSize and glfwGetFramebufferSize. -- https://www.glfw.org/docs/3.3/group__window.html#ga3555a418df92ad53f917597fe2f64aeb This should be a better fix for #192	2025-07-20 09:19:47 +02:00
Robin Voetter	f99c5994dc	Merge pull request #193 from alichraghi/master update to latest zig	2025-07-19 13:30:49 +02:00
Robin Voetter	2a1dba26ff	Add workaround for incorrect StdVideoH265HrdParameters encoding See https://github.com/KhronosGroup/Vulkan-Docs/issues/2557	2025-07-19 13:26:20 +02:00
Robin Voetter	9e6c4640bf	fix std.process.fatal usage in src/main.zig + fix tree rendering	2025-07-19 12:59:39 +02:00
Ali Cheraghi	0fd576a7e5	update to latest zig	2025-07-16 17:20:05 +03:30
Robin Voetter	c66bddee00	StdVideoVP9 workaround	2025-06-08 19:10:10 +02:00
Robin Voetter	0e164cd730	Merge pull request #191 from alichraghi/master ci: add build with zig shaders step	2025-06-05 22:19:28 +02:00
Ali Cheraghi	e191c3ccbb	ci: add build with zig shaders step	2025-06-05 23:46:27 +03:30
Robin Voetter	970d7f2e3a	Merge pull request #190 from alichraghi/master update zig shaders	2025-06-05 22:00:02 +02:00
Ali Cheraghi	c1c56e9ec5	update zig shaders	2025-06-05 02:37:24 +03:30
Robin Voetter	c9f2c528cc	remove copyright year (its forever)	2025-06-04 20:30:31 +02:00
Robin Voetter	114654790e	Merge pull request #181 from alichraghi/master Add option to use zig shaders	2025-06-04 20:29:01 +02:00
Robin Voetter	2582717df1	ci: update to setup-zig v2	2025-06-04 20:26:35 +02:00
Robin Voetter	9b4090c852	Merge pull request #187 from Sebastian-Dawid/master Fix crash of the example related to swapchain recreation during resizing.	2025-05-13 21:26:52 +02:00
Sebastian Emanuel Dawid	783b70a12e	Make sure the example does not segfault if it crashes during swapchain recreation.	2025-05-13 11:56:03 +02:00
Sebastian Emanuel Dawid	dfc5a3db4e	Fix crash related to failure to acquire next swapchain image during resizing	2025-05-13 11:27:22 +02:00
Robin Voetter	fdbe6d60d1	examples: clean up extension_names	2025-05-05 21:16:31 +02:00
Robin Voetter	fa2948199c	formatting	2025-05-05 21:13:26 +02:00
Robin Voetter	a5394e1b05	Merge pull request #185 from nicoabie/fix-issue-137 changes to support 1.3.216 Vulkan SDK and above	2025-05-05 21:10:37 +02:00
Nico Gallinal	c8c59544fc	changes to support 1.3.216 Vulkan SDK and above	2025-05-04 16:01:08 -03:00
Ali Cheraghi	7b7adcd206	Add option to use zig shaders	2025-04-24 18:05:50 +03:30
Robin Voetter	42e7a8409b	Merge pull request #180 from rpkak/remove-additional-null-termination Remove additional null termination	2025-04-02 10:08:26 +02:00
rpkak	208f0612de	Remove additional null termination [`std.builtin.Type.StructField.name`](https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/std/#std.builtin.Type.StructField) has type `[:0]const u8`	2025-04-02 09:09:34 +02:00
Robin Voetter	355e4828dd	Merge pull request #179 from rpkak/allow-custom-dispatch-types Allow custom Dispatch structs	2025-03-31 21:27:53 +02:00
rpkak	d9fd4eb51a	Allow custom dispatch structs	2025-03-31 13:44:23 +02:00
Robin Voetter	40ad90a912	Merge pull request #177 from Snektron/remove-commandflags remove wrapper/proxy configurability, just load everything unconditionally	2025-03-24 22:50:51 +01:00
Robin Voetter	dd978e3023	remove wrapper/proxy configurability, just load everything unconditionally	2025-03-15 15:43:11 +01:00
Robin Voetter	57d587c8a4	Merge pull request #176 from Snektron/vulkan-video-flags default initialize packed flag structs to false	2025-03-15 14:03:28 +01:00
Robin Voetter	d046ace4d8	default initialize packed flag structs to 0	2025-03-15 13:24:36 +01:00
Robin Voetter	f6e9565ab6	Merge pull request #175 from Snektron/vulkan-video Add vulkan video support	2025-03-15 02:54:44 +01:00
Robin Voetter	dcb1d96c59	Add vulkan video support Implements #174.	2025-03-15 02:51:56 +01:00
Robin Voetter	dcd538828c	Merge pull request #172 from alichraghi/master build: add fingerprint	2025-03-03 19:11:12 +01:00
Ali Cheraghi	19cb72207d	build: add fingerprint	2025-03-03 21:26:03 +03:30
Robin Voetter	604416bf44	add renderSpecialContainer support for VK_NV_cluster_acceleration_structure Solves #169	2025-02-09 16:14:27 +01:00
Robin Voetter	1fd5a6e217	Merge pull request #168 from flut2/master Update to 0.14.0-dev.2837+f38d7a92c	2025-01-20 00:14:56 +01:00
flut2	55f3bb3c24	update to 0.14.0-dev.2837+f38d7a92c	2025-01-19 16:50:51 +00:00
Robin Voetter	bb470f16da	accept registry option as LazyPath This allows passing LazyPaths obtained from dependencies to the vulkan-zig dependency, which streamlines using vulkan-zig with Vulkan-Headers provided by the package manager.	2024-12-29 21:29:52 +01:00
Robin Voetter	dd6e61d689	add missing vulkan video type in ref_all_decls.zig	2024-11-24 21:00:24 +01:00
Robin Voetter	e43d635893	Merge pull request #166 from V-Fries/master docs: Fixed compilation error in README.md example	2024-10-16 09:46:36 +02:00
V-Fries	6268a6fec4	docs: Fixed compilation error in README.md example	2024-10-16 07:21:42 +02:00
`@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@`
	`Copyright © 2020-2022 Robin Voetter`	`Copyright © Robin Voetter`

	`Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:`	`Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:`