diff --git a/diorama.js b/diorama.js
index c2bab7ef..a288f034 100644
--- a/diorama.js
+++ b/diorama.js
@@ -4,6 +4,9 @@ import {mat4Ortho, mat4LookAt, mat4Multiply} from './math.js';
 export class Diorama {
     constructor(elementId, world, requestRenderCallback) {
         this.element = document.getElementById(elementId);
+        this.canvas = document.createElement('canvas')
+        this.element.appendChild(this.canvas)
+        this.ctx2d = this.canvas.getContext('2d'); // Lightweight 2D drawing surface
         this.world = world;
         this.requestRender = requestRenderCallback;
 
@@ -32,7 +35,9 @@ export class Diorama {
     }
 
     initUI() {
+        // Because the element is a canvas itself, buttons are appended to its parent container
         this.element.style.position = "relative";
+
         this.resetBtn = document.createElement('button');
         this.resetBtn.textContent = 'Reset View';
         this.resetBtn.style.cssText = `
@@ -48,8 +53,10 @@ export class Diorama {
             this.loadState();
             this.resetBtn.style.display = 'none';
         });
-
         this.element.appendChild(this.resetBtn);
+
+        this.touchTimer = null;
+        this.touchTimedOut = false;
     }
 
     saveState() {
@@ -128,8 +135,6 @@ export class Diorama {
         return this.viewProjMatrix;
     }
 
-    // --- INTERACTION MATH ---
-
     orbit(dx, dy) {
         this.theta -= dx * 0.4;
         this.phi += dy * 0.4;
@@ -147,19 +152,23 @@ export class Diorama {
         const upY = Math.cos(p);
         const upZ = -Math.sin(p) * Math.cos(t);
 
-        const panSpeed = this.radius * 0.0025;
+        const rect = this.canvas.getBoundingClientRect();
+        const panSpeed = this.radius / rect.height;
 
         this.target[0] += (-rightX * dx + upX * dy) * panSpeed;
         this.target[1] += (upY * dy) * panSpeed;
         this.target[2] += (-rightZ * dx + upZ * dy) * panSpeed;
     }
 
-    zoom(delta) {
-        this.radius += delta * 0.05;
+    zoomRatio(ratio) {
+        this.radius *= ratio;
         this.radius = Math.max(1, Math.min(50, this.radius));
     }
 
-    // --- EVENT LISTENERS ---
+    zoomLinear(delta) {
+        this.radius += delta * 0.05;
+        this.radius = Math.max(1, Math.min(50, this.radius));
+    }
 
     attachEvents() {
         this.element.addEventListener('contextmenu', e => e.preventDefault());
@@ -199,20 +208,27 @@ export class Diorama {
 
             if (this.dragButton === 0) this.orbit(dx, dy);
             else if (this.dragButton === 1) this.pan(dx, dy);
-            else if (this.dragButton === 2) this.zoom(dy);
+            else if (this.dragButton === 2) this.zoomLinear(dy);
 
             notifyChange();
         });
 
         // --- TOUCH EVENTS ---
         this.element.addEventListener('touchstart', (e) => {
-            e.preventDefault();
-            this.isDragging = true;
+            if (this.touchTimer) clearTimeout(this.touchTimer);
+            this.touchTimedOut = false;
 
             if (e.touches.length === 1) {
-                this.touchMode = 'orbit';
-                this.lastMouse = {x: e.touches[0].clientX, y: e.touches[0].clientY};
+                this.touchTimer = setTimeout(() => {
+                    this.touchTimedOut = true;
+                    this.isDragging = true;
+                    this.touchMode = 'orbit';
+                    this.lastMouse = {x: e.touches[0].clientX, y: e.touches[0].clientY};
+                    this.element.style.cursor = 'grabbing';
+                }, 200);
             } else if (e.touches.length >= 2) {
+                this.touchTimedOut = true;
+                this.isDragging = true;
                 this.touchMode = 'pan-zoom';
                 const t1 = e.touches[0], t2 = e.touches[1];
                 this.lastMouse = {
@@ -221,11 +237,20 @@ export class Diorama {
                 };
                 this.lastPinchDist = Math.hypot(t1.clientX - t2.clientX, t1.clientY - t2.clientY);
             }
-        }, {passive: false});
+        }, {passive: true});
 
         this.element.addEventListener('touchmove', (e) => {
+            if (!this.touchTimedOut) {
+                if (this.touchTimer) {
+                    clearTimeout(this.touchTimer);
+                    this.touchTimer = null;
+                }
+                this.isDragging = false;
+                return;
+            }
+
             if (!this.isDragging) return;
-            e.preventDefault();
+            if (e.cancelable) e.preventDefault();
 
             if (this.touchMode === 'orbit' && e.touches.length === 1) {
                 const dx = e.touches[0].clientX - this.lastMouse.x;
@@ -242,20 +267,26 @@ export class Diorama {
 
                 const dx = cx - this.lastMouse.x;
                 const dy = cy - this.lastMouse.y;
-                const dDist = dist - this.lastPinchDist;
+                const zRatio = this.lastPinchDist > 0 ? (this.lastPinchDist / dist) : 1;
 
                 this.lastMouse = {x: cx, y: cy};
                 this.lastPinchDist = dist;
 
                 this.pan(dx, dy);
-                this.zoom(-dDist);
+                this.zoomRatio(zRatio);
                 notifyChange();
             }
         }, {passive: false});
 
         const onTouchEnd = (e) => {
+            if (this.touchTimer) {
+                clearTimeout(this.touchTimer);
+                this.touchTimer = null;
+            }
+
             if (e.touches.length === 0) {
                 this.isDragging = false;
+                this.touchMode = '';
             } else if (e.touches.length === 1) {
                 this.touchMode = 'orbit';
                 this.lastMouse = {x: e.touches[0].clientX, y: e.touches[0].clientY};
diff --git a/engine.js b/engine.js
index dd59a6cd..2ba779ba 100644
--- a/engine.js
+++ b/engine.js
@@ -62,20 +62,15 @@ function compileShader(gl, type, src) {
 
 export class Engine {
     constructor() {
+        // One solitary hidden canvas to drive all WebGL multi-target logic
         this.canvas = document.createElement('canvas');
-        this.canvas.style.position = 'fixed';
-        this.canvas.style.top = '0';
-        this.canvas.style.left = '0';
-        this.canvas.style.width = '100vw';
-        this.canvas.style.height = '100vh';
-        this.canvas.style.zIndex = '-1';
+        this.canvas.style.display = 'none';
         document.body.appendChild(this.canvas);
 
         this.gl = this.canvas.getContext('webgl2', {antialias: true, alpha: true});
         const gl = this.gl;
         gl.enable(gl.DEPTH_TEST);
         gl.enable(gl.CULL_FACE);
-        gl.enable(gl.SCISSOR_TEST);
 
         const vs = compileShader(gl, gl.VERTEX_SHADER, VS_SRC);
         const fs = compileShader(gl, gl.FRAGMENT_SHADER, FS_SRC);
@@ -93,7 +88,6 @@ export class Engine {
 
         this.atlasTexture = gl.createTexture();
 
-        // --- Initialize the new Resource Pipeline ---
         this.cache = new Cache('assets');
         this.atlas = new TextureHandler(256);
         this.cache.register('blockstates', new BlockstateHandler());
@@ -103,22 +97,18 @@ export class Engine {
         this.dioramas = [];
         this.worldMeshes = new Map();
         this.renderRequested = false;
-
         this.observedWorlds = new Set();
         this.updateRequested = false;
 
-        window.addEventListener('resize', () => {
-            this.resize();
-            this.requestRender();
-        });
-        window.addEventListener('scroll', () => this.requestRender(), {passive: true});
-        this.resize();
+        window.addEventListener('resize', () => this.requestRender());
+
+        // to make sure offscreen dioramas are rendered as soon as they become visible
+        window.addEventListener('scroll', () => this.requestRender());
     }
 
     requestUpdate() {
         if (!this.updateRequested) {
             this.updateRequested = true;
-            // Add 'async' here and 'await' updateAll
             Promise.resolve().then(async () => {
                 await this.updateAll();
                 this.updateRequested = false;
@@ -136,14 +126,9 @@ export class Engine {
         }
     }
 
-    resize() {
-        this.canvas.width = window.innerWidth;
-        this.canvas.height = window.innerHeight;
-    }
-
     addDiorama(diorama) {
         this.dioramas.push(diorama);
-        if (!this.observedWorlds.has(diorama.worlds)) {
+        if (!this.observedWorlds.has(diorama.world)) {
             this.observedWorlds.add(diorama.world);
             diorama.world.subscribe(() => this.requestUpdate());
         }
@@ -153,14 +138,12 @@ export class Engine {
         const uniqueWorlds = new Set(this.dioramas.map(d => d.world));
         if (uniqueWorlds.size === 0) return;
 
-        // --- SWEEP 1: Collect & Fetch Blockstates ---
         const uniqueBlockIds = new Set();
         for (const world of uniqueWorlds) {
             for (const block of world.blocks.values()) uniqueBlockIds.add(block.id);
         }
         await Promise.all(Array.from(uniqueBlockIds).map(id => this.cache.get(id, 'blockstates')));
 
-        // --- SWEEP 2: Resolve Parts & Fetch Models ---
         const uniqueModelIds = new Set();
         const parsedWorlds = new Map();
 
@@ -176,7 +159,6 @@ export class Engine {
         }
         await Promise.all(Array.from(uniqueModelIds).map(id => this.cache.get(id, 'models')));
 
-        // --- SWEEP 3: Pool Instances & Fetch Textures ---
         const textureTasks = [];
         const worldPools = new Map();
 
@@ -209,7 +191,6 @@ export class Engine {
                     for (const face of Object.values(el.faces || {})) {
                         const texPath = blockModel.resolveTexture(face.texture);
                         if (texPath) {
-                            // Synchronously allocates UV, asynchronously fetches image
                             textureTasks.push(this.cache.get(texPath, 'textures', 'png'));
                         }
                     }
@@ -221,7 +202,6 @@ export class Engine {
         await Promise.all(textureTasks);
         this.updateAtlasTexture();
 
-        // --- SWEEP 4: Bake Geometry ---
         for (const world of uniqueWorlds) {
             const newMeshes = [];
             for (const pool of worldPools.get(world).values()) {
@@ -295,23 +275,39 @@ export class Engine {
 
     render() {
         const gl = this.gl;
-        gl.viewport(0, 0, gl.canvas.width, gl.canvas.height);
-        gl.scissor(0, 0, gl.canvas.width, gl.canvas.height);
-        gl.clearColor(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
-        gl.clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | gl.DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
 
         gl.useProgram(this.program);
         gl.activeTexture(gl.TEXTURE0);
         gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, this.atlasTexture);
         gl.uniform1i(this.uniforms.texture, 0);
 
+        // High-Performance Multi-Target Loop
         for (const diorama of this.dioramas) {
-            const rect = diorama.element.getBoundingClientRect();
-            if (rect.bottom < 0 || rect.top > gl.canvas.height || rect.right < 0 || rect.left > gl.canvas.width) continue;
+            const rect = diorama.canvas.getBoundingClientRect();
 
-            const bottom = gl.canvas.height - rect.bottom;
-            gl.viewport(rect.left, bottom, rect.width, rect.height);
-            gl.scissor(rect.left, bottom, rect.width, rect.height);
+            // Fast Frustum Culling via native DOM properties
+            if (rect.bottom < 0 || rect.top > window.innerHeight || rect.right < 0 || rect.left > window.innerWidth) continue;
+
+            // Sync layout device-pixel ratios explicitly to prevent jagged texturing
+            const dpr = window.devicePixelRatio || 1;
+            const targetW = Math.floor(rect.width * dpr);
+            const targetH = Math.floor(rect.height * dpr);
+
+            // Guard: Only update diorama canvas internal buffers if physical dimensions shifted
+            if (diorama.canvas.width !== targetW || diorama.canvas.height !== targetH) {
+                diorama.canvas.width = targetW;
+                diorama.canvas.height = targetH;
+            }
+
+            // Apply size changes to hidden canvas ONLY when growing
+            if (this.canvas.width < targetW || this.canvas.height < targetH) {
+                this.canvas.width = targetW;
+                this.canvas.height = targetH;
+            }
+
+            gl.viewport(0, 0, targetW, targetH);
+            gl.clearColor(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
+            gl.clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | gl.DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
 
             const aspect = rect.width / rect.height;
             const viewProj = diorama.updateMatrices(aspect);
@@ -325,6 +321,13 @@ export class Engine {
                 gl.bindVertexArray(mesh.vao);
                 gl.drawElementsInstanced(gl.TRIANGLES, mesh.indexCount, gl.UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0, mesh.instanceCount);
             }
+
+            diorama.ctx2d.clearRect(0, 0, targetW, targetH);
+            diorama.ctx2d.drawImage(
+                this.canvas,
+                0, 0, targetW, targetH,  // Source sub-rect coordinates from WebGL
+                0, 0, targetW, targetH   // Destination coordinates on 2D surface
+            );
         }
     }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index e9337d80..f8558483 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -16,14 +16,30 @@
         }
 
         .figure {
+            position: relative;
             width: 100%;
             height: 20em;
         }
+
+        .figure > canvas {
+            display: block;
+            width: 100%;
+            height: 100%;
+        }
     </style>
 </head>
 <body>
 <main>
     <h1>Visualizer</h1>
+
+    <p>
+        Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Curabitur ullamcorper ut mauris sed
+        tempor. Nunc
+        vehicula tempor purus, non vestibulum libero ornare non. Morbi fringilla sapien diam, sed
+        rhoncus lacus egestas
+        vel.
+    </p>
+
     <p>
         Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Curabitur ullamcorper ut mauris sed
         tempor. Nunc
@@ -42,6 +58,46 @@
         Mauris ullamcorper accumsan dui vel pulvinar.
     </p>
 
+    <p>
+        Curabitur vestibulum vitae orci ac laoreet. Donec vel imperdiet tortor. Vestibulum lobortis
+        aliquam tellus,
+        vitae viverra nisi porttitor quis. Pellentesque id efficitur arcu. Nunc laoreet pulvinar
+        ligula eu maximus.
+        Mauris ullamcorper accumsan dui vel pulvinar.
+    </p>
+
+    <p>
+        Curabitur vestibulum vitae orci ac laoreet. Donec vel imperdiet tortor. Vestibulum lobortis
+        aliquam tellus,
+        vitae viverra nisi porttitor quis. Pellentesque id efficitur arcu. Nunc laoreet pulvinar
+        ligula eu maximus.
+        Mauris ullamcorper accumsan dui vel pulvinar.
+    </p>
+
+    <p>
+        Curabitur vestibulum vitae orci ac laoreet. Donec vel imperdiet tortor. Vestibulum lobortis
+        aliquam tellus,
+        vitae viverra nisi porttitor quis. Pellentesque id efficitur arcu. Nunc laoreet pulvinar
+        ligula eu maximus.
+        Mauris ullamcorper accumsan dui vel pulvinar.
+    </p>
+
+    <p>
+        Curabitur vestibulum vitae orci ac laoreet. Donec vel imperdiet tortor. Vestibulum lobortis
+        aliquam tellus,
+        vitae viverra nisi porttitor quis. Pellentesque id efficitur arcu. Nunc laoreet pulvinar
+        ligula eu maximus.
+        Mauris ullamcorper accumsan dui vel pulvinar.
+    </p>
+
+    <p>
+        Curabitur vestibulum vitae orci ac laoreet. Donec vel imperdiet tortor. Vestibulum lobortis
+        aliquam tellus,
+        vitae viverra nisi porttitor quis. Pellentesque id efficitur arcu. Nunc laoreet pulvinar
+        ligula eu maximus.
+        Mauris ullamcorper accumsan dui vel pulvinar.
+    </p>
+
     <div style="display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;">
         <div class="figure" id="demo-2"></div>
         <div class="figure" id="demo-3"></div>
@@ -53,6 +109,18 @@
         dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus.
     </p>
 
+    <p>
+        Curabitur tincidunt sapien et diam fringilla, eu accumsan odio faucibus. Orci varius natoque
+        penatibus et magnis
+        dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus.
+    </p>
+
+    <p>
+        Curabitur tincidunt sapien et diam fringilla, eu accumsan odio faucibus. Orci varius natoque
+        penatibus et magnis
+        dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus.
+    </p>
+
     <div id="atlas-container"
          style="position: fixed; left: 0; top: 0; border: 1px solid white;"></div>
 </main>